Government/Industry/Academic Relationships for Technology Development
A Workshop Report
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contracts NASW-99037 and NNH05CC16 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the agency that provided support for the project.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
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STEERING COMMITTEE FOR WORKSHOPS ON ISSUES OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR HUMAN AND ROBOTIC EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE
DARRELL R. BRANSCOME, Chair,
Science Applications International Corporation, Hampton, Virginia
STEPHEN GOREVAN,
Honeybee Robotics, Ltd., New York, New York
MOLLY K. MACAULEY,
Resources for the Future, Inc., Washington, D.C.
DAVA J. NEWMAN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
ERIC E. RICE, ORBITEC,
Madison, Wisconsin
CHARLES R. TRIMBLE,
U.S. Global Positioning System Industry Council, Sunnyvale, California
CHARLES D. WALKER,
Boeing Company, Arlington, Virginia
Staff
GEORGE M. LEVIN, Director,
Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board
KAREN E. HARWELL, Senior Program Officer
BRIDGET R. EDMONDS, Senior Project Assistant
AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ENGINEERING BOARD
WILLIAM W. HOOVER, Chair,
U.S. Air Force (retired), Williamsburg, Virginia
EDWARD M. BOLEN,
National Business Aviation Association, Washington, D.C.
ANTHONY J. BRODERICK,
Aviation Safety Consultant, Catlett, Virginia
JOHN-PAUL B. CLARKE,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
SUSAN M. COUGHLIN,
Aviation Safety Alliance, Washington, D.C.
ROBERT L. CRIPPEN,
Thiokol Propulsion (retired), Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
DONALD L. CROMER,
U.S. Air Force (retired) and Hughes Space and Communications (retired), Fallbrook, California
PRESTON HENNE (NAE),
Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, Savannah, Georgia
S. MICHAEL HUDSON,
Rolls-Royce North America (retired), Indianapolis
JOHN L. JUNKINS (NAE),
Texas A&M University, College Station
JOHN M. KLINEBERG,
Space Systems/Loral (retired), Redwood City, California
ILAN M. KROO,
Stanford University, Stanford, California
MOLLY MACAULEY,
Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C.
GEORGE K. MUELLNER,
The Boeing Company, Long Beach, California
ELON MUSK,
Space Exploration Development Corporation, El Segundo, California
MALCOLM O’NEILL,
Lockheed Martin Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland
AMY PRITCHETT,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
DEBRA L. RUB,
The Boeing Company, Anaheim, California
CYNTHIA SAMUELSON,
Logistics Management Institute, McLean, Virginia
PETER STAUDHAMMER (NAE),
Alfred E. Mann Institute, Los Angeles, California
HANSEL E. TOOKES II,
Raytheon International Inc. (retired), Falls Church, Virginia
ROBERT W. WALKER,
Wexler and Walker Public Policy Associates, Washington, D.C.
ROBERT E. WHITEHEAD,
National Institute of Aerospace, Henrico, North Carolina
THOMAS L. WILLIAMS,
Northrop Grumman, El Segundo, California
RAY VALEIKA,
Delta Airlines (retired), Powder Springs, Georgia
GEORGE LEVIN, Director
Preface
In response to the need for increased external input into its planning processes, the Office of Exploration Systems of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) asked the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (ASEB) at the National Academies to plan a series of open workshops on issues important to technology development for human and robotic exploration and development of space (see Appendix A for the statement of task). Issues surrounding this topic include the formulation of specific processes to guide technology development, the need for pervasive strategic planning for technology development at NASA, increased synergy between NASA and other government agencies in technology development, and the need to address the expansion of activities in space in a manner that involves the stakeholders.
The National Academies convened a steering committee to plan the workshops (see Appendix B for biographies of steering committee members). The first workshop held February 23-24, 2004, in Washington, D.C., focused on general policy issues surrounding the development and demonstration of space technologies. A summary of that workshop was released in May 2004.1
The second workshop, the subject of this report, focused on the interrelationship between government, industry, and academia in the development of advanced space technology. Participants at the September 8-9, 2004, workshop, held at the National Academies’ Beckman Center in Irvine, California, included government, industry, and academic stakeholders in technology development—both space and nonspace. Owing to the great diversity of subjects that could be discussed, the steering committee decided to focus the agenda on examples of relationships between government, industry, and academia in non-NASA federal agencies. Discussions were organized in three separate areas—Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) relationships, Department of Defense (DOD) relationships, and National Science Foundation (NSF) relationships. The intent of this focusing was to be able to discuss best practices and examples of cooperative efforts between the federal government and various stakeholders and to possibly apply lessons learned from the discussion to NASA space exploration efforts. It was also the intent of the steering committee to provide opportunities for attendees to fully participate in the discussions. The workshop agenda is presented in
1 |
NRC. 2004. Stepping-Stones to the Future of Space Exploration: A Workshop Report. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Available online at <http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11020.html>. Accessed September 10, 2004. |
Appendix C and the list of participants in Appendix D. Focusing questions provided to the speakers in advance are presented in Appendix E.
This report represents a factual summary, prepared by the National Academies staff with steering committee assistance, of the proceedings of the workshop. The workshop report is not a comprehensive report on the myriad of relationships between government, industry, and academia in technology development; rather, it is a synopsis of the presentations by individual panelists and speakers and of the discussions at the workshop. It should not be taken as a consensus report of either ASEB or the National Research Council.
This report is organized as follows: Chapter 2 introduces the workshop’s topic. Chapter 3 presents the discussion during the panel on DARPA relationships, Chapter 4 contains an overview of the discussion during the panel on DOD relationships, and Chapter 5 summarizes the discussion on NSF cooperative programs. Also, to aid the reader, an index of selected topics can be found in Appendix G.
Darrell R. Branscome
Chair, Steering Committee for Workshops on Issues of Technology Development for Human and Robotic Exploration and Development of Space
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Aaron Cohen, Texas A&M University,
John Hurt, National Science Foundation,
Frank Martin, Martin Consulting,
John Roth, MicroSat Systems,
Jeff Shamma, University of California, Los Angeles, and
Steven Welby, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Oliver Boileau, Northrop Grumman (retired). Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.