TABLE D-1 Estimated Energy Requirements for Proposed Food Intake Patterns of U.S. Children and Adolescents, Ages 2–18 Years
TABLE D-2 Dietary Reference Intake Recommendations of Macronutrients for Children and Adolescents, Ages 1–18 Years
Age |
Carbohydrate |
Protein |
Fat |
Saturated Fat |
Trans Fat |
Cholesterol |
Added Sugars |
Fibera |
Total Daily Water AIb |
1–3 |
|
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet |
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet |
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet |
Limit to no more than 25% of total calorie intake |
|
1.3 L/d |
||
(% Energy AMDR) |
45–65 |
5–20 |
30–40 |
|
(~44 oz) |
||||
(g/d) |
130 |
13 |
|
19 |
|
||||
4–8 |
|
|
1.7 L/d |
||||||
(% Energy AMDR) |
45–65 |
10–30 |
25–35 |
|
(~60 oz) |
||||
(g/d) |
130 |
19 |
|
25 |
|
||||
9–13 |
|
|
|||||||
Boys |
|
2.4 L/d |
|||||||
(% Energy AMDR) |
45–65 |
10–30 |
25–35 |
|
(~84 oz) |
||||
(g/d) |
130 |
34 |
|
31 |
|
||||
Girls |
|
2.1 L/d |
|||||||
(% Energy AMDR) |
45–65 |
10–30 |
25–35 |
|
(~72 oz) |
||||
(g/d) |
130 |
34 |
|
26 |
|
||||
14–18 |
|
||||||||
Boys |
|
3.3 L/d |
|||||||
(% Energy AMDR) |
45–65 |
10–30 |
25–35 |
|
(~112 oz) |
||||
(g/d) |
130 |
52 |
|
38 |
|
||||
Girls |
|
2.3 L/d |
|||||||
(% Energy AMDR) |
45–65 |
10–30 |
25–35 |
|
(~92 oz) |
||||
(g/d) |
130 |
46 |
|
26 |
|
||||
NOTE: AMDR = Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range. AI = Adequate Intake. aExtrapolated from the adult value. This level represents the best estimate based on limited or uncertain available evidence when it was determined. bThe AI for “total daily water” includes fluids from all foods and beverages consumed, including drinking water. Conversion factors: 3 L = 33.8 fluid oz; 1 L = 1.06 qt; 1 cup = 8 fluid oz. SOURCES: IOM (2002–2005, 2005). |
TABLE D-3 Dietary Reference Intake Recommendations of Micronutrients for U.S. Children and Adolescents, Ages 1–18 Years
Age |
Vitamin A (µg/d) |
Vitamin C (mg/d) |
Vitamin E (mg/d) |
Vitamin B6a (mg/d) |
Folate (µg/d) |
Iron (mg/d) |
Naa (mg/d) |
Ka (mg/d) |
Mg (mg/d) |
|
1–3 |
300 |
15 |
6 |
0.5 |
150 |
500 |
7 |
1,000 |
3,000 |
80 |
4–8 |
400 |
25 |
7 |
0.6 |
200 |
800 |
10 |
1,200 |
3,800 |
130 |
9–13 |
|
|||||||||
Boys |
600 |
45 |
11 |
1.0 |
300 |
1,300 |
8 |
1,500 |
4,500 |
240 |
Girls |
600 |
45 |
11 |
1.0 |
300 |
1,300 |
8 |
1,500 |
4,500 |
240 |
14–18 |
|
|||||||||
Boys |
900 |
75 |
15 |
1.3 |
400 |
1,300 |
11 |
1,500 |
4,700 |
410 |
Girls |
700 |
65 |
15 |
1.2 |
400 |
1,300 |
15 |
1,500 |
4,700 |
360 |
NOTE: Both the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and Adequate Intakes (AIs) may be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are established to meet the needs of nearly all individuals (97–98 percent) in a group. The AI for life stages and gender groups other than breastfed infants is believed to cover the needs of all individuals in a group. However, lack of data or uncertainty in the data preclude being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. aIndicates an AI since an RDA value could not be determined. bExtrapolated from the adult value. This level represents the best estimate based on limited or uncertain available evidence when it was determined. SOURCES: IOM (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2005). |
TABLE D-4 Survey of National Dietary Data for U.S. Individuals, 1971–2000
Survey |
Dates |
Population |
Sample Size |
Dietary Intake Methodology |
NHANES I |
1971–1974 |
Ages 1–74 years; oversampling of women of childbearing age, ages 5 and younger, adults ages 60–74, and persons with income below poverty |
20,749a |
Single 24-hour dietary recall, no weekend intakes |
NHANES II |
1976–1980 |
Ages 6 months–74 years; oversampling of children ages 5 years and younger, adults ages 60–74 years, and persons with income below poverty |
20,322a |
Single 24-hour dietary recall, no weekend intakes |
NFCS |
1977–1978 |
All ages; oversampling of low incomeb and elderly; 48 states |
30,467c |
Three consecutive days (single 24-hour dietary recall and 2-day food record) |
NHANES III |
1988–1994 |
Ages 2 months and older; oversampling of Mexican Americans, African Americans, ages 2 months–5 years, and ages 60 years and older |
31,311a |
Single 24-hour dietary recall and 3-month food frequency questionnaire; second 24-hour recall on a subsample (~5%) |
CSFII |
1989– |
All ages; oversampling of 1991 low incomeb; 48 states |
15,192c |
Two nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls |
CSFII |
1994–1996, 1998d |
All ages; oversampling of low income; ages 0–9 years; 50 states |
Two nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls |
|
NHANES |
1999–2000e |
All ages; oversampling of Mexican Americans, African Americans, ages 12–19 years, ages 60 years and older, pregnant women, and low incomeb |
8,604c |
Single 24-hour dietary recall, and second recall on a subsample (~10%) |
NOTE: NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. NFCS = National Food Consumption Survey. CSFII = Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. IU = International Units. aExamined persons. bLow income is defined as household income at or below 130 percent of the poverty line, the income cut-off level for eligibility for the Food Stamp Program. cPersons with 1-day intakes. dSupplemental sample of children ages 0–9 years added to the CSFII 1994–1996. eNHANES started a continuous data collection beginning in 1999. The most recent data were available for 1999–2000. CSFII is now incorporated into NHANES. SOURCE: Adapted from Briefel and Johnson (2004). Reprinted with permission. |
TABLE D-5 Mean Intakes and Changesa or Trendsb in Intakes of Selected Nutrients of Girls and Boys, Ages 6–11 Years and 12–19 Years, as Reported in CSFII 1994–1996, 1998 and Compared to NFCS 1977–1978 and CSFII 1989–1991
Nutrient |
Girls 6–11 yrs |
Girls 12–19 yrs |
Boys 6–11 yrs |
Boys 12–19 yrs |
Energy (kcal) |
1,825 |
1,910 |
2,050 |
2,766 ↑ |
Protein (% kcal) |
13.9 ↓ |
14.0 ↓ |
14.0 ↓* |
14.4 ↓ |
Fat (% kcal) |
32.6 ↓* |
32.2 ↓* |
32.6 ↓** |
33.1 ↓** |
Saturated fat (% kcal)c |
12 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
Carbohydrate (% kcal) |
54.9 ↑** |
55.0 ↑** |
54.8 ↑** |
53.2 ↑** |
Fiber (g)c |
12 |
13 |
14 |
17 |
Vitamin A (IU) |
4,475 |
4,817 |
5,242 |
6,361 |
Vitamin C (mg) |
95 |
95 |
103 ↑ |
119 |
Thiamin (mg) |
1.48 ↑ |
1.44 ↑ |
1.77 ↑* |
2.13 ↑ |
Riboflavin (mg) |
1.91 |
1.75 |
2.28 ↑ |
2.58 |
Niacin (mg) |
18.1 |
19.0 ↑ |
21.5 ↑ |
27.8 ↑* |
Vitamin B6 (mg) |
1.52 |
1.53 ↑ |
1.84 ↑ |
2.21 ↑ |
Vitamin B12 (µg) |
3.87 ↓* |
3.80 ↓ |
4.53 ↓ |
5.85 ↓ |
Calcium |
865 |
771 |
984 |
1,145 |
Phosphorous (mg) |
1,138 |
1,108 |
1,292 |
1,633 |
Magnesium (mg) |
219 |
223 |
249 |
311 |
Iron (mg) |
13.8 ↑ |
13.8 ↑** |
16.6 ↑** |
19.8 ↑* |
NOTE: CSFII = Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. NFCS = National Food Consumption Survey. IU = International Units. aSignificant increase (↑) or decrease (↓) in mean intakes (or percentages) between 1977–1978 and 1994–1996, 1998 (p < 0.001). bSignificant, progressive rise or fall in mean intakes (or percentages) from 1977–1978 through 1989–1991 to 1994–1996, 1998; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. cData from 1977–1978 and 1989–1991 are not provided. SOURCES: Adapted from Enns et al. (2002, 2003). |
TABLE D-6 Food Sources of Energy Among U.S. Children and Adolescents, Ages 2–18 Years (CSFII 1989–1991)
Rank |
Food Group |
Girls and Boys 2–18 Years |
Girls and Boys 2–5 Years |
Girls and Boys 6–11 Years |
Boys 12–18 Years |
Girls 12–18 Years |
|
|
% Energy |
||||
1 |
Milk |
11.7 |
15.4 |
12.4 |
9.5 |
8.8 |
2 |
Yeast bread |
9.3 |
8.7 |
9.1 |
9.8 |
9.7 |
3 |
Cakes/cookies/quick breads/donuts |
6.2 |
5.8 |
6.4 |
6.3 |
6.0 |
4 |
Beef |
5.7 |
4.3 |
5.4 |
7.0 |
6.4 |
5 |
Ready-to-eat cereal |
4.5 |
5.3 |
4.8 |
4.1 |
3.3 |
6 |
Carbonated soft drinks |
4.3 |
2.5 |
3.2 |
6.1 |
6.3 |
7 |
Cheese |
3.7 |
3.3 |
3.4 |
3.8 |
4.4 |
8 |
Potato chips/corn chips/popcorn |
3.1 |
2.0 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
4.6 |
9 |
Sugars/syrups/jams |
3.0 |
2.6 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
10 |
Poultry |
2.6 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
3.2 |
|
|
% Carbohydrate |
||||
1 |
Yeast bread |
13.0 |
12.1 |
12.7 |
14.0 |
13.7 |
2 |
Carbonated soft drinks |
8.5 |
4.9 |
6.1 |
12.3 |
12.3 |
3 |
Milk |
7.9 |
10.2 |
8.2 |
6.6 |
6.1 |
4 |
Ready-to-eat cereal |
7.4 |
8.6 |
7.9 |
6.9 |
5.5 |
5 |
Cakes/cookies/quick breads/donuts |
7.2 |
6.6 |
7.4 |
7.4 |
7.1 |
6 |
Sugars/syrups/jams |
6.0 |
5.1 |
6.5 |
6.1 |
5.8 |
7 |
Fruit drinks |
4.3 |
5.4 |
4.4 |
3.5 |
3.9 |
8 |
Pasta |
3.9 |
4.4 |
4.0 |
3.2 |
4.1 |
9 |
White potatoes |
3.7 |
3.0 |
3.8 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
10 |
Orange/grapefruit juice |
2.9 |
3.0 |
2.5 |
3.1 |
3.5 |
|
|
% Fat |
||||
1 |
Milk |
13.8 |
19.0 |
15.0 |
10.7 |
10.3 |
2 |
Beef |
9.7 |
7.3 |
9.1 |
11.7 |
10.6 |
3 |
Cheese |
7.4 |
7.1 |
7.0 |
7.4 |
8.8 |
4 |
Margarine |
6.8 |
7.5 |
6.7 |
7.0 |
6.0 |
5 |
Cakes/cookies/quick breads/donuts |
6.6 |
6.4 |
6.8 |
6.7 |
6.2 |
6 |
Potato chips/corn chips/popcorn |
4.9 |
3.4 |
4.5 |
5.1 |
7.3 |
7 |
Salad dressings/mayonnaise |
4.3 |
2.6 |
3.7 |
5.3 |
6.1 |
8 |
Oils |
4.2 |
3.7 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
4.3 |
9 |
Yeast bread |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
10 |
Other fats |
3.5 |
2.8 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
4.1 |
SOURCE: Subar et al. (1998). Reproduced by permission of Pediatrics 102(4 Pt 1):913–923, ©1989–1991. |
TABLE D-7 Top 10 Foods and Beverages Contributing to Energy Intake in the U.S. Population, NHANES 1999–2000 and NHANES IIIa
TABLE D-8 Mean Sodium Intake (mg) for U.S. Children and Adolescents, 1971–2000a
TABLE D-9 Trends in Sweetened Beverage and Milk Consumption by Children and Adolescents, Ages 2–18 Years
Measurement |
Years |
Sweetened Beveragesa |
Milk |
Percentage of total daily calorie intakeb |
1977–1978 |
4.8 |
13.2 |
|
1989–1991 |
6.1 |
11.2 |
1994–1996 |
8.5 |
8.8 |
|
1999–2001 |
10.3 |
8.3 |
|
Percentage of consumers |
1977–1978 |
74.5 |
94.3 |
|
1989–1991 |
74.2 |
90.3 |
1994–1996 |
84.7 |
84.6 |
|
Servingsc |
1977–1978 |
2.02 |
3.46 |
|
1989–1991 |
2.2 |
2.89 |
1994–1996 |
2.55 |
2.75 |
|
Portionsd (fluid ounces) |
1977–1978 |
13.1 |
15.4 |
|
1989–1991 |
15.8 |
14.1 |
1994–1996 |
18.9 |
13.6 |
|
aIncludes soft drinks and fruit drinks. bBased on mean per capita intake. cServings are the number of discrete times an individual consumes an item. dPortions are the amount consumed by an individual at one eating occasion. SOURCE: Adapted from Nielsen and Popkin (2004). Reprinted from American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol 27, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM, Changes in beverage intake between 1997 and 2001, Pages 205–210, 2004, with permission from American Journal of Preventive Medicine. |
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