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H A Z A R D O U S M A T E R I A L S C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M HMCRP REPORT 2 Assessing Soil and Groundwater Impacts of Chemical Mixture Releases from Hazardous Materials Transportation Incidents Richard G. Lewis Ziqi He HSA ENGINEERS & SCIENTISTS A Member of the Conestoga-Rovers & Associates Family of Companies Fort Myers, FL TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2010 www.TRB.org Subscriber Categories Highways ⢠Motor Carriers ⢠Railroads ⢠Environment ⢠Freight Transportation Geotechnology ⢠Hydraulics and Hydrology Research sponsored by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM The safety, security, and environmental concerns associated with transportation of hazardous materials are growing in number and complexity. Hazardous materials are substances that are flammable, explosive, or toxic or that, if released, produce effects that would threaten human safety, health, the environment, or property. Hazardous materials are moved throughout the country by all modes of freight transportation, including ships, trucks, trains, airplanes, and pipelines. The private sector and a diverse mix of government agencies at all levels are responsible for controlling the transport of hazardous materials and for ensuring that hazardous cargoes move without incident. This shared goal has spurred the creation of several venues for organizations with related interests to work together in preventing and responding to hazardous materials incidents. The freight transportation and chemical industries; government regulatory and enforcement agencies at the federal and state levels; and local emergency planners and responders routinely share information, resources, and expertise. Nevertheless, there has been a long- standing gap in the system for conducting hazardous materials safety and security research. Industry organizations and government agencies have their own research programs to support their mission needs. Collaborative research to address shared problems takes place occasionally, but mostly occurs on an ad hoc basis. Acknowledging this gap in 2004, the U.S. DOT Office of Hazardous Materials Safety, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, the Federal Railroad Administration, and the U.S. Coast Guard pooled their resources for a study. Under the auspices of the Transportation Research Board (TRB), the National Research Council of the National Academies appointed a committee to examine the feasibility of creating a cooperative research program for hazardous materials transportation, similar in concept to the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). The committee concluded, in TRB Special Report 283: Cooperative Research for Hazardous Materials Transportation: Defining the Need, Converging on Solutions, that the need for cooperative research in this field is significant and growing, and the committee recommended establishing an ongoing program of cooperative research. In 2005, based in part on the findings of that report, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) authorized the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) to contract with the National Academy of Sciences to conduct the Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program (HMCRP). The HMCRP is intended to complement other U.S. DOT research programs as a stakeholder-driven, problem-solving program, researching real-world, day-to-day operational issues with near- to mid- term time frames. Published reports of the HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America HMCRP REPORT 2 Project HM-06 ISSN 2150-4849 ISBN: 978-0-309-15527-4 Library of Congress Control Number 2010941499 © 2010 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, RITA, or PHMSA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not- for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturersâ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.
CRP STAFF FOR HMCRP REPORT 2 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs William C. Rogers, Senior Program Officer Charlotte Thomas, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Ellen M. Chafee, Editor Rachel Kirkland, Senior Editorial Assistant HMCRP PROJECT 06 PANEL Thomas Moses, Spill Center, Hudson, MA (Chair) Craig Bartlett, DuPont Company, Wilmington, DE Cheryl A. âCherryâ Burke, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI Robert E. Fronczak, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC Zdenek âZedâ Hejzlar, Engineering Systems, Inc., Fort Myers, FL John Walton, University of Texas - El Paso, El Paso, TX Ryan F. Paquet, PHMSA Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under Dr. Richard G. Lewis, P.E., Principal at HSA Engi- neers & Scientists. Dr. Ziqi (Zeke) He, P.E., Environmental Engineer with HSA Engineers & Scientists, was responsible for the thermodynamic calculation and design tool. William H. Hutchings, P.G., Professional Geologist with HSA Engineers & Scientists and Ph.D. candidate at the University of South Florida, was responsible for fate transport modeling. Gordon L. Walters, P.E., Environmental Engineer at HSA Engi- neers & Scientists, was responsible for the tool interface design. Kevin W. Worsham, Database Developer with Conestoga-Rovers & Associates (CRA), and Julie Lidstone, Associate Database Manager with CRA, were responsible for visual basic coding of the tool design. Doug Soutter, Hydrogeologist with CRA, assisted with UNIFAC design. Dr. Hongze Gao, P.E., with CRA, assisted with the screening model design. Ronald Foster, Senior Processing Engineer with CRA, assisted with the data and methodology collection. In addition, the environmental department group at the office of HSA Engineers & Scientists in Fort Myers, Florida, and the emergency response team at CRAâs office in Dallas, Texas, participated in data col- lection of chemical properties and the most commonly transported hazardous materials. C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S
HMCRP Report 2: Assessing Soil and Groundwater Impacts of Chemical Mixture Releases from Hazardous Materials Transportation Incidents presents a tool to assess, classify, predict, and quickly communicate fate and transport characteristics of chemical mixtures released into the soil and groundwater as a result of hazardous materials transportation incidents. The tool was developed with a wide range of users in mind. For technical users, the prop- erty output table generates the fate and transport properties of an input mixture. For emer- gency response teams, it provides a quick review of the emergency response requirements of a spill. For non-technical users, a color-coding function is included in the tool to com- pare the critical fate and transport properties to their pure chemical counterpart and high- light the key parameters affecting the mixture transport in the saturated and unsaturated zones. The tool can also be used to determine whether shipping certain chemicals separately or in mixtures will have significantly higher costs if an incident occurs and to estimate rel- ative costs and timeframes of cleanup after an incident occurs. Screening models, as well as detailed, computationally intensive models, exist to charac- terize site-specific impacts on soil and groundwater from hazardous materials releases. These models require various fate and transport parameters as input, which are generally available for pure chemical compounds. However, these parameters are typically unavail- able for many of the commonly transported hazardous materials mixtures such as herbi- cides, paint, cleaning compounds, motor oil, antifreeze, gasoline, and ethanol. Under HMCRP Project 06, HSA Engineers & Scientists was asked to (1) define and cat- egorize the environmental hazards to soil and groundwater of pure chemicals and mixtures; (2) identify sources and collect readily available data on fate and transport properties; (3) develop a typology and identify and classify common solvents and mixtures that are likely to be transported; (4) develop a typology to estimate the key parameters for different chem- ical mixtures; (5) design a tool to characterize, predict, and communicate the impact of chemical mixtures in soil and groundwater environments and to estimate the fate and trans- port parameters of chemical mixtures released to soil and groundwater as a result of haz- ardous materials transportation incidents; (6) using the tool, estimate the fate and transport parameters for 5 to 10 representative mixtures commonly transported and apply existing basic screening models to estimate impact to soil and groundwater; and (7) refine the tool to compare fate and transport characteristics of pure chemicals to chemical mixtures in order to rank the relative impacts to soil and groundwater. The chemical mixture tool, a user guide, and the contractorâs final report for HMCRP Project 06 can be found on CRP-CD-90: Chemical Mixture Tool for HMCRP Report 2, which is bound into this publication. For the convenience of readers, the research teamâs Tool Design Process Example (Appendix H) and the User Operational Manual (Appendix M) are also provided herein. F O R E W O R D By William C. Rogers Staff Officer Transportation Research Board
C O N T E N T S 1 Summary 6 Contents of Contractorâs Final Report for HMCRP Project 06 (Final Report Contained on CRP-CD-90) 9 Appendix H Tool Design Process Example 32 Appendix M User Operational Manual 54 List of Acronyms and Symbols