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70 business processes. Consist of the organized activities car- ried out in common to develop and implement SO&M, including scoping, planning, programming and budget- ing, systems and technology engineering, project develop- ment, and performance measurement. congestion management. The set of highway SO&M actions taken to minimize the causes and impacts of congestion, both recurring and nonrecurring. effectiveness of NRC strategy application or program. Refers to the measurable impact of such application on the outcomes of congestion management, specifically in terms of reduction in delay and improvement in reliabil- ity and safety. institutional architecture. A research term that refers not only to organizational characteristicsâsuch as organiza- tional structure, policy/mission, leadership/staff, resources/ technologyâbut also to the prevailing culture and values, legal framework (including legislative bodies and political administration), and partnering relationships among orga- nizations, both formal and informal. mainstreaming. Becoming an integral part of core agency activities. A mainstreamed concept is widely understood and accepted by the agency (as well as its partners and con- stituents) at all levels. It is fully integrated into the agency- wide culture, business processes, budgeting, organization, and staffing. nonrecurring congestion (NRC). The portion of congestion attributable to traffic delays and disruptions caused by ran- dom, unpredictable, and transitory events, including vehic- ular crashes and breakdowns, weather, road construction activity, and planned special events. The causes of NRC together produce about half of total delay and most of the system unreliability, and they contribute to safety problems. recurring congestion (RC). The portion of total delay caused by the everyday, predictable delay that occurs from supply-demand imbalance at peak periods. It is addressed by such strategy applications as ramp metering, signaliza- tion, and demand management through pricing. reliability. The major factor affected by NRC, which is, by virtue of its causes, unpredictable. It is measured by the vari- ation in travel times for identical trips. The lack of pre- dictability is what requires drivers to allow extra time to reach their destinations by a given time. For example, a driver may allow 30 min for a trip that usually takes 20 min. strategy applications. The set of known transportation sys- tems and operations management conventions related to user services directed at the causes of congestionâe.g., incident management, work zone traffic control, traveler information. systems operations and management (SO&M). A term applied to a program of ITS infrastructure and related real- time activities targeted at maintaining or improving the performance of the existing transportation infrastructure in response to the causes of both recurring and nonrecurring delay, disruption, unreliability, and related safety and secu- rity problems. Glossary
