NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the steering committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
Support for this project was provided by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Grant No. N00014-87-J-1110), the National Science Foundation (Grant No. CDA-9121558), and the Association for Computing Machinery, the Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association, the Information Technology Association of America, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (under unnumbered contracts).
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-85596
International Standard Book Number 0-309-04790-0
Copyright 1993 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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STEERING COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RESOURCES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
LESLIE L. VADASZ,
Intel Corporation,
Chairman
EILEEN COLLINS,
National Science Foundation (through August 18, 1992)
NANCY G. LEVESON,
University of Washington
SHELBY STEWMAN,
Carnegie Mellon University
JAMES C. TENNISON,
IBM Corporation
MAXINE TRENTHAM,
CTA Inc.
PAUL YOUNG,
University of Washington
Staff
MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Director,
Computer Science and Telecommunications Board
ALAN FECHTER, Executive Director,
Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel
JAMES VOYTUK, Senior Staff Officer (January 1990 to December 1991)
ARTHUR L. MCCORD, Project Assistant
OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL
Advisory Committee on Studies and Analyses
LINDA S. WILSON,
Radcliffe College,
Chairman
JOHN PATRICK CRECINE,
Georgia Institute of Technology
LESTER A. HOEL,
University of Virginia
ERNEST JAWORSKI,
Monsanto Company
DANIEL KLEPPNER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ALAN S. RABSON,
National Institutes of Health
BRUCE SMITH,
Brookings Institution
Ex Officio
WILLIAM H. MILLER,
University of California at Berkeley
ALAN FECHTER, Executive Director
PAMELA EBERT FLATTAU, Director of Studies and Surveys Unit
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS BOARD
WILLIAM WULF,
University of Virginia,
Chairman
RUZENA BAJCSY,
University of Pennsylvania
DAVID J. FARBER,
University of Pennsylvania
SAMUEL H. FULLER,
Digital Equipment Corporation
JAMES GRAY,
Digital Equipment Corporation
JOHN L. HENNESSY,
Stanford University
MITCHELL D. KAPOR,
Electronic Frontier Foundation
SIDNEY KARIN,
San Diego Supercomputer Center
RICHARD M. KARP,
University of California at Berkeley
KEN KENNEDY,
Rice University
ROBERT L. MARTIN,
Bell Communications Research
ABRAHAM PELED,
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
WILLIAM PRESS,
Harvard College
RAJ REDDY,
Carnegie Mellon University
JEROME SALTZER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
CHARLES L. SEITZ,
California Institute of Technology
MARY SHAW,
Carnegie Mellon University
EDWARD SHORTLIFFE,
Stanford University School of Medicine
IVAN E. SUTHERLAND,
Sun Microsystems
LAWRENCE T. TESLER,
Apple Computer Inc.
MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Director
HERBERT S. LIN, Senior Staff Officer
MONICA KRUEGER, Staff Officer
FRANK PITTELLI, CSTB Consultant
RENEE A. HAWKINS, Staff Associate
DONNA F. ALLEN, Administrative Assistant
ARTHUR L. MCCORD, Project Assistant
LESLIE WADE, Project Assistant
COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS
RICHARD N. ZARE,
Stanford University,
Chairman
JOHN A. ARMSTRONG,
IBM Corporation
PETER J. BICKEL,
University of California at Berkeley
GEORGE F. CARRIER,
Harvard University
GEORGE W. CLARK,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MARYE ANNE FOX,
University of Texas
AVNER FRIEDMAN,
University of Minnesota
SUSAN L. GRAHAM,
University of California at Berkeley
NEAL F. LANE,
Rice University
ROBERT W. LUCKY,
Bell Communications Research
CLAIRE E. MAX,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
CHRISTOPHER F. MCKEE,
University of California at Berkeley
JAMES W. MITCHELL,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
RICHARD S. NICHOLSON,
American Association for the Advancement of Science
ALAN SCHRIESHEIM,
Argonne National Laboratory
A. RICHARD SEEBASS III,
University of Colorado
KENNETH G. WILSON,
Ohio State University
NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
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The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Preface
At the invitation of the Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel (OSEP), the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) joined OSEP in an exploratory project aimed at better understanding the human resource base of the computing profession. CSTB and OSEP convened a steering committee that combined computer scientists with social scientists who specialize in analyzing scientific and technical labor markets. The steering committee was charged with organizing a cross-disciplinary workshop, which was held on October 28–29, 1991, in Irvine, California, and developing this summary report of that workshop and the steering committee's subsequent deliberations, which were carried out primarily through numerous telephone, teleconference, and electronic mail interactions over the year following the workshop.
The workshop illustrated the value of bringing together people from a range of backgrounds—economics and other social sciences, computer science, and computer and electrical engineering; research, product development, management, and data analysis; and government, industry, and academia. The interaction of workshop participants reflected a range of perspectives, as well as areas of agreement and lack of agreement. It is in illuminating that range that this report makes its greatest contribution; it underscores the problems discussed at the workshop that arise from a lack of consensus both within and between segments of the computing professional community on is-
sues as basic as what to call these professionals. The report attempts to define and focus attention on specific problems and approaches to solving them, identifying a range of steps that could be taken by federal statistical agencies, professional organizations, and others.
Appended to the report are three papers that were prepared and delivered as presentations at the workshop. They include information collected and evaluated by their respective authors. These papers were used as resources during the workshop and subsequently by the steering committee.
CSTB and OSEP are grateful for the financial support of the Association for Computing Machinery, the Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association, the Information Technology Association of America, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the National Science Foundation, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, which made this project possible.
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A Comparison of Data Sources and Data |
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B U.S. Degree Programs in Computing |
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C The Demand for Human Resources and Skills in the 1990s |
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