Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation Along Existing Roads—ActiveTrans Priority Tool Guidebook (2015)

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83 A P P E N D I X D Association of American State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). AASHTO Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities, First Edition, 2004. AASHTO. Guide to the Development of Bicycle Facilities, Fourth Edition, 2012. Aultman-Hall, L., F. L. Hall, and B. B. Baetz. Analysis of Bicycle Commuter Routes Using Geographic Information Systems: Implications for Bicycle Planning, Transportation Research Record 1578, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 102–110, 1997. Aultman-Hall, L., and J. LaMondia. Developing a Methodology to Evaluate the Safety of Shared- Use Paths: Results from Three Corridors in Connecticut, Connecticut Department of Transporta- tion, May 2004. Barnes, G. The Benefits of Bicycling in Minnesota, Minnesota Department of Transportation, December 2004. Bicycle Federation of Wisconsin. The Economic Impact of Bicycling in Wisconsin, prepared for the Governor’s Bicycle Coordinating Council by the Bicycle Federation of Wisconsin in con- junction with the Wisconsin Department of Transportation, 2006. Bushell, M. A., B. W. Poole, C. V. Zegeer, and D. A. Rodriguez. Costs for Pedestrian and Bicy- clist Infrastructure Improvements: A Resource for Researchers, Engineers, Planners, and the General Public, UNC Highway Safety Research Center, prepared for the Federal Highway Administration and supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation through its Active Living Program, October 2013. Carter, D. L., W. W. Hunter, C. V. Zegeer, J. R. Stewart, and H. F. Huang. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Intersection Safety Indices: Final Report, Federal Highway Administration, Report Num- ber FHWA-HRT-06-125, November 2006. Clifton, K. J., C. V. Burnier, R. J. Schneider, S. Huang, and M. W. Kang. A Meso-Scale Model of Pedestrian Demand. Prepared by The National Center for Smart Growth Research and Education, University of Maryland, College Park for ACSP-AESOP 4th Joint Congress, Chicago, IL, 2008. Dill, J., and T. Carr. Bicycle Commuting and Facilities in Major U.S. Cities: If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transpor- tation Research Board, No. 1828, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., pp. 116–123, 2003. Dill, J., and J. Gliebe. Understanding and Measuring Bicycling Behavior: A Focus on Travel Time and Route Choice, Final Report, Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium, OTREC-RR-08-03, December 2008. Guidebook References and Resources

84 Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation Along Existing Roads—ActiveTrans Priority Tool Guidebook Dill, J., and N. McNeil. Four Types of Cyclists? Testing a Typology to Better Understand Bicycling Behavior and Potential, Working Paper, Portland State University, Oregon Trans- portation Research and Education Consortium, 2012. Dill, J., and K. Voros. Factors Affecting Bicycling Demand: Initial Survey Findings from the Portland, Oregon Region. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2031, pp. 9–17, 2007. Dowling, R., D. Reinke, A. Flannery, P. Ryus, M. Vandehey, T. Petritsch, B. Landis, N. Rouphail, and J. Bonneson. NCHRP Report 616: Multimodal Level of Service Analysis for Urban Streets, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2008. East Florida Regional Planning Council. Economic Impact Analysis of Orange County Trails, 2011. Federal Highway Administration. The Bicycle Compatibility Index: A Level of Service Concept, Implementation Manual, FHWA-RD-98-095, 1999. Federal Highway Administration. Crash Modification Factors Clearinghouse, available online, http://www.cmfclearinghouse.org/, 2014. Federal Highway Administration. National Household Travel Survey, available online: http:// nhts.ornl.gov/, 2009. Federal Highway Administration. Report to the US Congress on the Outcomes of the Non- motorized Transportation Pilot Program, SAFETEA-LU Section 1807, submitted by the Federal Highway Administration with the assistance of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, April 2012. Federal Highway Administration, Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, Benefit-Cost Analysis of Bicycle Facilities, available online, http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/bikecost/, 2006. Federal Highway Administration, Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, Bicycle Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System (BIKESAFE), Available online http://www.pedbike safe.org/BIKESAFE/, 2014. Federal Highway Administration, Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System (PEDSAFE), Available online http://www.pedbike safe.org/PEDSAFE/, 2013. Google Earth. Available online, http://www.google.com/earth/index.html, 2014. Google Street View. Available online, https://www.google.com/maps/views/streetview?gl=us, 2014. Gotschi, T. “Costs and Benefits of Bicycling Investments in Portland, Oregon,” Journal of Physical Activity and Health, Volume 8, Supplement 1, pp. S49–S58, 2011. Gotschi, T., and K. Mills. Active Transportation for America: The Case for Increased Federal Investment in Bicycling and Walking, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy and Bikes Belong, 2008. Griswold, J. B., A. Medury, and R. J. Schneider. “Pilot Models for Estimating Bicycle Inter- section Volumes,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2247, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., pp. 1–7, 2011. Handy, S. L., Y. Xing, and T. J. Buehler. Factors Associated with Bicycle Ownership and Use: A Study of 6 Small U.S. Cities, Transportation, Volume 37, Issue 6, pp. 967–985, 2010.

Guidebook References and Resources 85 Harkey, D. L., S. Tsai, L. Thomas, and W. W. Hunter. “Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT) Version 2.0,” Federal Highway Administration, FHWA HRT–06–090, 2006. Haynes, M., and S. Andrzejewski. GIS Based Bicycle and Pedestrian Demand Forecasting Techniques. Travel Model Improvement Program Webinar. Available online, http://media.tmip online.org/webinars/2010/fehr_and_peers.pdf, April 29, 2010. Hood, J., E. Sall, and B. Charlton. A GPS-Based Bicycle Route Choice Model for San Francisco, California, Transportation Letters: The International Journal of Transportation Research, Volume 3, pp. 63–75, 2011. Jones, M. G., S. Ryan, J. Donlan, L. Ledbetter, L. Arnold, and D. Ragland. Seamless Travel: Measuring Bicycle and Pedestrian Activity in San Diego County and Its Relationship to Land Use, Transportation, Safety, and Facility Type, Alta Planning and Design and Safe Transportation Research and Education Center, University of California, Berkeley, available online, 2010. Krizek, K. J., G. Barnes, G. Pointexter, P. Mogush, K. Thompson, D. Levinson, N. Tilahun, D. Loutzenheiser, D. Kidston, W. Hunter, D. Tharpe, Z. Gillenwater, and R. Killingsworth. NCHRP Report 552: Guidelines for Analysis of Investments in Bicycle Facilities, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2006. Lawrie, J., T. Norman, M. Meletiou, and S. W. O’Brien. Bikeways to Prosperity: Assessing the Economic Impact of Bicycle Facilities, prepared for the North Carolina Department of Transpor- tation, 2006. Liu, X., and J. Griswold. Pedestrian Volume Modeling: A Case Study of San Francisco, Asso- ciation of Pacific Coast Geographers Yearbook, Vol. 71, 2009. Lusk, A. C., P. Morency, L. F. Miranda-Moreno, W. C. Willett, and J. T. Dennerlein. Bicycle Guidelines and Crash Rates on Cycle Tracks in the United States, American Journal of Public Health, Volume 103, Number 7, pp. 1240–1248, 2013. McCahill, C. T., and N. Garrick. The Applicability of Space Syntax to Bicycle Facility Plan- ning. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2074, pp. 46–51, 2008. Mekuria, M. C., P. G. Furth, and H. Nixon. Low-Stress Bicycling and Network Connectivity. Mineta Transportation Institute, College of Business, San José State University, 2012. Miranda-Moreno, L. F., and D. Fernandes. Modeling of Pedestrian Activity at Signalized Inter- sections: Land Use, Urban Form, Weather, and Spatiotemporal Patterns, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2264, pp. 74–82, 2011. National Association of City Transportation Officials. NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide, 2nd Edition, 2012. New Zealand Transport Agency. Economic Evaluation Manual, Volume 1, available online, January 2010. Pulugurtha, S. S., and S. R. Repaka. Assessment of Models to Measure Pedestrian Activity at Signalized Intersections, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2073, pp. 39–48, 2008. Rosén, E., H. Stigson, and U. Sander. Literature Review of Pedestrian Fatality Risk as a Function of Car Impact Speed, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Volume 43, pp. 25–33, 2011. San Francisco Department of Public Health. Bicycle Environmental Quality Index, 2007.

86 Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation Along Existing Roads—ActiveTrans Priority Tool Guidebook San Francisco Department of Public Health. Pedestrian Environmental Quality Index, 2008. Schneider, R. J. Understanding Sustainable Transportation Choices: Shifting Routine Auto- mobile Travel to Walking and Bicycling, University of California, Berkeley dissertation, http:// www.uctc.net/research/UCTC-DISS-2011-01.pdf, 2011. Schneider, R. J., L. S. Arnold, and D. R. Ragland. A Methodology for Counting Pedestrians at Intersections: Using Automated Counters to Extrapolate Weekly Volumes from Short Manual Counts, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2140, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., pp. 1–12, 2009b. Schneider R. J., L. S. Arnold, and D. R. Ragland. A Pilot Model for Estimating Pedestrian Inter- section Crossing Volumes, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2140, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., pp. 13–26, 2009a. Schneider, R. J., M. C. Diogenes, L. S. Arnold, V. Attaset, J. Griswold, and D. R. Ragland. Asso- ciation between Roadway Intersection Characteristics and Pedestrian Crash Risk in Alameda County, California, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Volume 2198, pp. 41–51, 2010. Schneider, R. J., T. Henry, M. F. Mitman, L. Stonehill, and J. Koehler. Development and Appli- cation of the San Francisco Pedestrian Intersection Volume Model, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2299, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., pp. 65–78, 2012. Schneider, R., R. Patten, J. Toole, and C. Raborn. Pedestrian and Bicycle Data Collection in United States Communities: Quantifying Use, Surveying Users, and Documenting Facility Extent, prepared for the Federal Highway Administration by the Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, avail- able online, January 2005. Singleton, P. A., R. J. Schneider, C. D. Muhs, and K. J. Clifton. The Pedestrian Index of the Environment: Representing the Walking Environment in Planning Applications, Presented at 93rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2014. Stinson, M. A., and C. R. Bhat. Commuter Bicyclist Route Choice: Analysis Using a Stated Pref- erence Survey, In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1828, pp. 107–115, 2003. Strauss, J., and L. F. Miranda-Moreno. “Spatial Modeling of Bicycle Activity at Signalized Inter- sections,” Journal of Transport and Land Use, Volume 6, Number 2, pp. 47-58, 2013. Stutts, J. C., and W. W. Hunter. “Police-reporting of Pedestrians and Bicyclists Treated in Hospital Emergency Rooms,” In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1635, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 88–92, 1998. Highway Capacity Manual 2010. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Washington, D.C., 2010. United States Census Bureau. American Community Survey, available online, http://www. census.gov/acs/www/, 2013. Walk Score. Bike Score Methodology, available online, http://www.walkscore.com/bike-score- methodology.shtml, 2014. Walk Score. Walk Score, available online, http://www.walkscore.com/, 2014.

Guidebook References and Resources 87 World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. Health Economic Assessment Tool, available online, http://www.heatwalkingcycling.org/, 2011. Zegeer, C. V., J. R. Stewart, H. Huang, and P. Lagerwey. Safety Effects of Marked Versus Unmarked Crosswalks at Uncontrolled Locations, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, FHWA-RD-04-100, 2005. Zegeer, C. V., J. Stutts, H. Huang, M. J. Cynecki, R. Van Houten, B. Alberson, R. Pfefer, T. R. Neuman, K. L. Slack, and K. K. Hardy. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 500: Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan, Vol- ume 10: A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Pedestrians, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2004. Zein, S. R., E. Geddes, S. Memsing, and M. Johnson. Safety Benefits of Traffic Calming, In Transportation Research Record Volume 1578, pp. 3–10, 1997.

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation