Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
104 AASHTO. 2005. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 3rd ed., with 2005 Interim Revisions. Washington, D.C.: American Associa- tion of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO. 2012. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 6th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO. 2017. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 8th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Abramson, D. A., E. Musselman, and S. Sritharan. 2017. Behavior of Unbonded Multistrand Post-Tensioning Anchorage Systems Under Monotonic and Cyclical Loads. PCI Journal, 62(1), pp. 31â48. ACI. 1992. State-of-the-Art Report on High-Strength Concrete. Report No. ACI 363-R92. Farmington Hills, Mich.: American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee 318. 2011. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete. ACI 318â11. Detroit, Mich.: American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee 318. 2014. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete. ACI 318â14. Detroit, Mich: American Concrete Institute. Al-Omaishi, N., M. Tadros, and S. P. Seguirant. 2009. Estimating Pre- stress Losses in Pretensioned High-Strength Concrete Members. PCI Journal, 54(4), pp. 132â159. Angelakos, D., E. C. Bentz, and M. P. Collins. 2001. Effect of Con- crete Strength and Minimum Stirrups on Shear Strength of Large Members. ACI Structural Journal, 98(3), pp. 290â300. Aparicio, A. C., G. Ramos, and J. R. Casas. 2001. Testing of Exter- nally Prestressed Concrete Beams. Engineering Structures, 24(1), pp. 73â84. Ariyawardena, T. M. D. Nihal. 2000. Prestressed Concrete with Internal or External Tendons: Behaviour and Analysis, Ph.D. dissertation. University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Bažant, Z. P. 1999. Size Effect on Structural Strength: A Review. Archive of Applied Mechanics, 69(9â10), pp. 703â725. Bentz, E., and M. P. Collins. 2001. Response 2000 User Manual. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto. Bosco, C., and A. Carpinteri. 1992. Fracture Behavior of Beam Cracked Across Reinforcement. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 17(1), pp. 61â68. Bosco, C., A. Carpinteri, and P. G. Debernardi. 1990. Minimum Reinforce- ment in High-Strength Concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering, 116(2), pp. 427â437. Brenkus, N., and H. Hamilton. 2014. Proposed Minimum Steel Provi- sions for Prestressed and Non-Prestressed Reinforced Sections. ACI Structural Journal, 111(1 â6), pp. 431â440. British Standards Institution. 2007. Structural Use of ConcreteâPart 1: Code of Practice for Design and Construction. London: British Stan- dards Institution. Bruckner, M., and R. Eligehausen. 1998. Minimum Reinforcement in RC Beams. Proceedings of the 2nd International Ph.D. Symposium in Civil Engineering. Budapest, Hungary. California Department of Transportation. 2018. Bridge Design Aids. Sacramento, Cal. Carpinteri, A., and M. Corrado. 2011. Upper and Lower Bounds for Structural Design of RC Members with Ductile Response. Engi- neering Structures, 33(12), pp. 3432â3441. Carrasquillo, R. L., A. H. Nilson, and F. O. Slate. 1981. Properties of High Strength Concrete Subject to Short-Term Loads. ACI Journal, 78(17), pp. 171â177. Collins, M. P., and D. Kuchma. 1999. How Safe Are Our Large, Lightly Reinforced Concrete Beams, Slabs, and Footings? ACI Structural Journal, 96(4), pp. 482â491. Collins, M. P., E. C. Bentz, P. T. Quach, and G. T. Proestos. 2015. The Challenge of Predicting the Shear Strength of Very Thick Slabs. Concrete International, 37(11), pp. 29â37. Concrete Design Committee. Concrete Structures Standard: Part 1âThe Design of Concrete Structures. Wellington, New Zealand: Standards New Zealand, 2006. Dassault Systems Simulia. 2016. Abaqus Unified FEA. 2016 version. European Committee for Standardization. 2004. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete StructuresâPart 1â1: General Rules and Rules for Build- ings. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization. Fayyad, T. M., and J. M. Lees. 2015. Evaluation of a Minimum Flex- ural Reinforcement Ratio Using Fracture-Based Modelling. Proceedings of IABSE Conference 2015âStructural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges. Geneva, Switzerland, Sept. 23â25. Ferro, G., A. Carpinteri, and G. Ventura. 2007. Minimum Reinforce- ment in Concrete Structures and Material/Structural Instability. International Journal of Fracture, 146(4), pp. 213â231. FHWA. 2013. Post-Tensioning Tendon Installation and Grouting Manual, Version 2.0. Report No. FHWA-NHI-13-026. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Transportation. Florida Department of Transportation. 2018. Structures Manual. Tallahassee, Fla. International Federation for Structural Concrete. 2010. fib Model Code 2010 for Concrete Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: Comité Euro- International du Béton. References
105 Freyermuth, C. L., and B. O. Aalami. 1997. Unified Minimum Flex- ural Reinforcement Requirements for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Members. ACI Structural Journal, 94(4), pp. 409â419. Gamble, W. L. 2017. A Minimum Flexural Reinforcement Puzzle. Concrete International, 39(1), pp. 47â49. Gilbertson, C. G., and T. M. Ahlborn. 2004. A Probabilistic Com- parison of Prestress Loss Methods in Prestressed Concrete Beams. PCI Journal, 49(5), pp. 52â69. Hawkins, N. M., and K. Hjorteset. 1992. Minimum Reinforcement Requirements for Concrete Flexural Members. In Applications of Fracture Mechanics to Reinforced Concrete (A. Carpinteri, ed.), Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, pp. 379â412. Hillerborg, A., M. Modeer, and P. Petersson. 1976. Analysis of Crack Formation and Crack Growth in Concrete by Means of Fracture Mechanics and Finite Elements. Cement and Concrete Research, 6(6), pp. 773â781 Hindi, A., R. MacGregor, M. Kreger, and J. Breen.1995. Enhancing Strength and Ductility of Post-Tensioned Segmental Box Girder Bridges. ACI Structural Journal, 92(1), pp. 33â44. Holombo, J., and M. Tadros. 2010. NCHRP Web-Only Document 149: Recommended LRFD Minimum Flexural Reinforcement Require- ments. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Ince, R., A. Arslan, and B. L. Karihaloo. 2003. Lattice Modelling of Size Effect in Concrete Strength. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 70(16), pp. 2307â2320. Japan Road Association. 2012. Japanese Specifications for Highway Bridges. Tokyo. Japan Society of Civil Engineers. 2010. Standard Specification for Concrete Structures (English translation). Tokyo. Khan, A. A., W. D. Cook, and D. Mitchell. 1996. Tensile Strength of Low, Medium, and High-Strength Concrete at Early Ages. ACI Materials Journal, 93(5), pp. 487â493. Lambotte, H., and L. R. Taerwe. 1990. Deflection and Cracking of High-Strength Concrete Beams and Slabs. ACI Special Publication 121, pp. 109â128. Lash, S. D. 1953. Ultimate Strength and Cracking Resistance of Lightly Reinforced Beams. ACI Journal, 24(6), pp. 573â582. Leonhardt, F. 1964. Prestressed Concrete: Design and Construction, 2nd ed. Translated by C. van Amerongen. Berlin: Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn. Mattock, A. H., J. Yamazaki, and B. T. Kattula. 1971. Comparative Study of Prestressed Concrete Beams, With and Without Bond. ACI Journal, 68(2), pp. 116â125. Megally, S. H., M. Garg, F. Seible, and R. K. Dowell. 2002. Seismic Performance of Precast Segmental Bridge Superstructures. Report No. SSRPâ2001/24. La Jolla, Calif.: University of California, San Diego. Megally, S. H., F. Seible, and R. K. Dowell. 2003. Seismic Performance of Precast Segmental Bridges: Segment-to-Segment Joints Subjected to High Flexural Moments and Low Shears. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Journal, 48(2), pp. 80â96. Mokhtarzadeh, A., and C. French. 2000. Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Concrete with Consideration for Precast Applica- tions. ACI Structural Journal, 97(2), pp. 136â147. Murray, Y. D., A. Abu-Odeh, and R. Bligh. 2007. Evaluation of LS-DYNA Concrete Material Model 159. Report No. FHWA-HRT-05-063. McLean, Va.: Federal Highway Administration. Musselman, E., M. Fournier, P. McAlpine, and S. Sritharan. 2015. Behavior of Unbonded Post-Tensioning Monostrand Anchorage Systems Under Short Duration, High Amplitude Cyclical Loading. Engineering Structures, 104(December), pp. 116â125. Nebraska Department of Roads. 2016. Bridge Operations, Policies and Procedures. Lincoln. Norwegian Standards Association. 2003. Concrete Structures Design and Detailing Rules. Lysaker: Standards Norway. Ozcebe, G., E. Ugur, and T. Tankut. 1999. Minimum Flexural Reinforce- ment for T-Beams Made of Higher Strength Concrete. Canada Journal of Civil Engineering, 26(5), pp. 525â534. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute. 2011. PCI Bridge Design Manual, 3rd ed., 1st release. Chicago, Ill. Rabbat, B., and K. Sowlat. 1987. Testing of Segmental Concrete Girders with External Tendons. PCI Journal, 32(2), pp.86â107. Rao, G. A., I. Vijayanand, and R. Eligehausen. 2008. Studies on Duc- tility and Evaluation of Minimum Flexural Reinforcement in RC Beams. Materials and Structures, 41(4), pp. 759â771. Rashid, M. A., and M. A. Mansur. 2005. Reinforced High-Strength Concrete Beams in Flexure. ACI Structural Journal, 102(3), pp. 462â471. Seguirant, S. J., R. Brice, and B. Khaleghi. 2010. Making Sense of Minimum Flexural Reinforcement Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Member. PCI Journal, 55(3), pp. 64â85. Shin, S., S. K. Ghosh, and J. Moreno. 1989. Flexural Ductility of Ultra- High-Strength Concrete Members. ACI Structural Journal, 86(4), pp. 394â400. Shioya T., M. Iguro, Y. Nojiri, H. Akiayma, and T. Okada. 1989. Shear Strength of Large Reinforced Concrete Beams, Fracture Mechanics: Application to Concrete. SP-118. Detroit, Mich.: American Concrete Institute, pp. 259â279. Steinberg, E. P. 1995. Probabilistic Assessment of Prestress Loss in Pre- tensioned Prestressed Concrete. PCI Journal, 40(6), pp. 76â85. Tadros, M. K., N. Al-Omaishi, S. P. Seguirant, and J. G. Galt. 2003. NCHRP Report 496: Prestress Losses in Pretensioned High-Strength Concrete Bridge Girders. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. Tuchscherer, R., D. Mraz, and O. Bayrak. 2007. An Investigation of the Tensile Strength of Prestressed AASHTO Type IV Girders at Release. Austin, Tex.: Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at Austin. Wafa, F. F., and S. A. Ashour. 1997. Minimum Flexural Reinforcements of High-Strength Concrete Beams. High-Performance Concrete: Design and Materials and Recent Advances in Concrete Technol- ogy. Proceedings of the Third CANMET/ACI International Con- ference on Design and Materials and Recent Advances in Concrete Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Special Publication SP 172, pp. 549â571. Walker, S., and D. L. Bloem. 1960. Effects of Aggregate Size on Proper- ties of Concrete. Journal of the American Concrete Institute, 57(9), pp. 283â298. Warwaruk, J., M. A. Sozen, and C. P. Siess. 1962. Investigation of Pre- stressed Reinforced Concrete for Highway Bridge, Part III. Strength and Behavior in Flexure of Prestressed Concrete Beams. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station. Wright, P. J. F., and F. Garwood. 1952. The Effect of the Method of Test on the Flexural Strength of Concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research, 4(11), pp. 67â76. Washington State Department of Transportation. 2018. Bridge Design Manual. Olympia, Wash.
Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACIâNA Airports Council InternationalâNorth America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing Americaâs Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S. DOT United States Department of Transportation
TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED ISBN 978-0-309-48057-4 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 4 8 0 5 7 4 9 0 0 0 0 N O N -PR O FIT O R G . U .S. PO STA G E PA ID C O LU M B IA , M D PER M IT N O . 88 LRFD M inim um Flexural Reinforcem ent Requirem ents N CH RP Research Report 906 TRB