NUTRITION DURING
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
Exploring New Evidence
PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP
Meghan Harrison, Rapporteur
Food and Nutrition Board
Health and Medicine Division
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
This activity was supported by a contract between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (HHSN 263201800029I/75N98019F00858), with additional support from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Canada, and the Kellogg Endowment Fund of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Health and Medicine Division. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-67924-4
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-67924-9
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25841
Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2020 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation: Exploring new evidence: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25841.
The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president.
The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.
The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.
Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.
Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.
Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.
For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.
PLANNING COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: EXPLORING NEW EVIDENCE1
ANNA MARIA SIEGA-RIZ (Chair), University of Massachusetts Amherst
PATRICK CATALANO, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
ERICA P. GUNDERSON, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
TAMERA HATFIELD, University of California, Irvine
DEBORAH O’CONNOR, University of Toronto, Ontario
ANGELA ODOMS-YOUNG, University of Illinois at Chicago
EMILY OKEN, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
Health and Medicine Division Staff
MEGHAN HARRISON, Study Director
ZARIA FYFFE, Senior Program Assistant
ANN YAKTINE, Director, Food and Nutrition Board
__________________
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.
This page intentionally left blank.
Reviewers
This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by SUSAN SCRIMSHAW, Nevin Scrimshaw International Nutrition Foundation. She was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteur and the National Academies.
This page intentionally left blank.
Contents
Setting the Stage for the Workshop
Organization of the Proceedings
Discussion with Maria Makrides
Carbohydrates and Energy Requirements
Discussion with Rajavel Elango and Leanne Redman
3 ONE-CARBON METABOLISM MICRONUTRIENTS
The Growing Science on the Benefits of Choline for Mothers and Infants
4 IRON, VITAMIN D, CALCIUM, ANTIOXIDANTS, AND IODINE
Iron, Vitamin D, and Calcium: New Evidence During Pregnancy and Lactation
Nutritional Antioxidants During Pregnancy and Lactation
Iodine in Pregnancy and Lactation
Prenatal Supplement Formulations
6 NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND EMERGING TOPICS
Caffeine in Pregnancy and Lactation: What Is New?
Maternal Micronutrient Status and Intake: Effects on Human Milk Composition
The Implications of Maternal Weight and Metabolic Status for Lactation and Breast Milk Composition
Lactation and the Future Risk of Cardiometabolic Diseases in Women
8 MATERNAL NUTRIENT INTAKE AND EARLY-LIFE PROGRAMMING
The Role of the Placenta in Delivering Nutrients and in Developmental Programming
Systems Changes for Improving Maternal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation Among U.S. Women
Using Nutrition Science to Reduce Perinatal Health Disparities
Food Insecurity and Stress as Common Challenges to Optimal Nutrition During Pregnancy
How WIC Supports Pregnancy and Lactation
10 REFLECTIONS ON THE WORKSHOP
There was a problem loading page R12.