Index
Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), 153, 154
Accident
defined, 28
perception of injury as, 199
Accidental Death and Disability report, 18-19, 138, 159, 227, 261
Acute care, 9, 20, 29, 30, 129, 140, 150, 152, 165, 167, 240, 243
Administration for Children and Families, 206
Administration on Aging, 206
Adolescents.
See also Age
firearm-related injuries, 7-8, 132-133, 134
impulsivity, 26
violence prevention programs, 184, 191
Advocacy, 36, 180, 185, 199-201
Age
and deaths from injuries, 41, 46-48, 49-50, 86
and emergency department visits, 51-52
and fire and burn injuries, 48, 52
and firearm injuries, 47, 52, 100
and homicides, 47
and hospitalizations, 50-51
minimum-age drinking laws, 47, 117-118, 123, 200
minimum for firearm purchase, 126, 127
and motor vehicle traffic-related injuries, 46-47, 52, 100
patterns of injury by, 49-52
and response to injury, 154
and risk-taking behavior, 100
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), 9, 148, 167, 206
Agent of injury, 93.
See also Product safety
Alcohol Incentive Grants, 208
Alcohol use, 26
Blood alcohol level laws, 35, 36, 103, 209
designated driver program, 198
legal sanctions for, 91, 118, 122
minimum-age drinking laws, 47, 72, 117-118, 123, 200
and motor vehicle traffic-related deaths, 46-47
safe ride program, 198
server intervention programs, 92
socioeconomic environment and, 94, 95
American Academy for the Certification of Brain Injury Specialists , 184
American Academy of Pediatrics, 179, 196, 215
American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77
American Bar Association, 75
American Board of Medical Specialties, 145
American College of Surgeons, 76, 140, 141, 144, 148
American Medical Association Committee on Medical Education, 145
American National Standards Institute, 218
American Pediatric Surgical Association, 142
American Public Health Association, 31, 179, 194
American School Health Association, 179
American Society for Criminology, 130
American Trauma Society, 21
Anatomic Profile, 153
Antilock brakes, 123
Apoptosis, 99
ASCOT, 154
Assaultive injuries, 24, 29, 86, 88, 89
prevention, 8, 91, 92, 94, 132, 238
Aviation safety, 95-96
Baby Safety Showers, 214
Basic Injury Program Development, 189
Behavioral adaptation to safety improvements, 100-101, 122, 215
Behavioral interventions, 32-33
incentives and deterrence, 91-92, 95
self-protection, 92
targeting high-risk groups, 92, 128, 133
Behavioral research, 6, 91, 99-101, 119-120, 128, 130, 208
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 67
Biases in data, 48
Bicycle helmets, 84-85, 87, 92, 102, 122, 189, 190, 198, 215, 241, 242
Biofidelic models, 98
Biological sciences, research in, 99, 128, 130
research, 6, 96-98, 99, 106, 119, 129, 130, 208, 211, 244, 245, 247 -248
Biomedical engineering, 185
Blood alcohol level (BAL) laws, 35, 36, 103, 209
Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, 127
Brain and spinal cord injury, 96-97, 99, 119, 122, 151, 155, 157, 158, 184, 187, 189, 228, 231, 241, 243, 245
Brain Injury Association (BIA), 184, 199
Buckle Up America!, 209
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, 126, 127, 207
Project LEAD, 125
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 207
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 66, 207, 221, 222
Bureau of Mines, 223
Bureau of the Census, 69
California, injury prevention plan, 187-188
California Wellness Foundation, 184
Canada
motor vehicle safety, 123
Carbon monoxide in cooking gas, 26, 87-88
Carnegie Corporation of New York, 232
Case-control studies, 6, 102, 103
Case-crossover studies, 102-103
Case mix, 152-154
Case studies
defined, 103
firearm injuries, 124-135
misuse of, 103
motor vehicle injuries, 115-124
Cause of injury
behavioral research, 101
biomechanics research, 96
economic costs by, 54
mortality rates by, 42-43, 47, 54, 132
patterns of injury by, 52
years of potential life lost by, 53, 54
Census of Agriculture, 69
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 53, 66, 72, 221
Center on Children and the Law, 75
Center to Prevent Handgun Violence, 197 n.3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 19, 103, 189 n.2, 223, 240
conferences, 31
injury control research centers, 2, 20, 24, 31, 227, 249
surveillance systems, 67, 73, 125, 147
trauma care funding, 160
violence prevention, 236
Child protective services, 182
Child safety, 21
biomechanical research, 97, 98
child-resistant packaging, 84, 101, 215
cigarette lighter standards, 93, 215
evaluation of programs, 198
gun safe-storage laws, 127, 132
home visits for first-time mothers, 26, 84, 90, 92
playground safety, 85, 232, 241
seat restraints in motor vehicles, 91-92, 95, 119, 120, 179, 190
state and local initiatives, 182, 185, 191, 192, 193
Children.
See also Age
agricultural injuries, 227
arrests for weapons offenses, 133
causes of death, 142
firearm injuries, 124, 130, 134
mortality rates, 49, 84, 86, 124, 132
trauma care for, 142
Children's National Medical Center, 185
Children's Safety Network, 194, 197, 232
Cigarette lighters, child-resistant, 93, 215
Clinical research, 32, 130, 148, 226, 227, 229, 230
Coalition building, 185, 190, 192, 193, 198, 201
Cochrane Collaboration, 198
Coding issues, 29
cause of injury, 63-64, 65, 77
location of injury occurrence, 63-64
nature of injury, 62-63
recommendations, 3
Committee on Injury Prevention and Control, charge to, 20, 30, 37
Community Integrated Service Systems (CISS), 231, 233
Computer models of injury, 98
Constituency building, 199-200
Consumer Product Safety Act, 21, 212, 216
Amendments of 1981, 213
Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
achievements, 215-217
hotline, 212
public education, 214-215
recommended role, 3-4, 11, 13, 16, 217, 247, 249, 252, 261
regulatory activities, 21, 126, 207, 213
research, 11, 93, 214, 216-217, 246, 247
resources and structure, 212-213
standards development, 207, 213-214
surveillance activities, 3-4, 13, 67, 70, 7, 79, 125, 213-214, 216 , 252, 261
training role, 249
Controversies
advocacy by researchers, 36
boundaries of injury field, 25
federal priority-setting role, 35-36, 266-267
firearms-related, 131-132
motor vehicle safety, 121-123
paternalistic interventions, 34-35
Cooperative Compliance Program, 223
Cost-benefit analysis of preventive interventions, 33, 220, 222
Costs of injury.
See also Years of potential life lost
direct, 1 n.1, 18 n.1, 41 n.1, 55, 157, 158
economic, 41, 53, 54, 55, 56-57, 97, 154, 156-159
fatalities, 55
friction cost method, 56
human capital (cost-of-illness) method, 54-55, 56, 57
indirect, 1 n.1, 18 n.1, 41 n.1, 55, 56
occupational injuries, 48, 226
outcomes and, 157
quality of life, 53, 56, 57-58
revealed-preference method, 56
stated-preference method, 56
total lifetime, 55
trauma care, 9, 154, 156-159, 168
unreimbursed, 157
willingness-to-pay method, 56-57
worker productivity, 158
Counseling, injury prevention, 191, 196-197
Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN), 32
Crash Outcome Data Evaluation Systems (CODES), 78
Criminal Justice Periodical Index, 105
Criminal justice system, violence prevention, 88-89
Cutting and piercing injuries, 45, 49, 52
Data Elements for Emergency Department Systems (DEEDS), 77, 147
Databases, 105-106.
See also Surveillance systems;
individual databases and systems
Death certificate data, 65, 78
Deaths. See Cause of injury; Mortality
Demonstrating Your Program's Worth, 198
Department of Agriculture, 206
Department of Commerce, 206
Department of Defense, 206
Department of Education, 195, 206
Department of Energy, 206
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 8, 68, 69, 88, 90, 134, 148, 206, 239, 243, 253
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Division of Child and Maternal Health, 21
Department of Justice, 4, 8, 71, 74, 126, 128, 134, 207, 235, 237, 238, 239
Department of Labor, 207, 217, 218, 221
Department of the Interior, 223
Department of the Treasury, 207
Department of Transportation, 207, 239
Department of Veterans Affairs, 207
Disability-adjusted life year (DALY), 57-58
Domestic Violence Offenders Gun Ban, 127
Driver education and licensing, 118, 119, 120, 123, 161
Driver/occupant safety, 21.
See also Highway safety;
Motor vehicle safety
airbags and, 61, 75, 91, 123, 208
antilock brakes, 123
Blood alcohol level laws, 35, 36, 103, 209
center high-mounted brake lights, 93, 119
child safety restraints, 91-92, 95, 119, 120, 179, 190
enforcement of mandatory requirements, 122, 123
grassroots organizations, 21, 120, 184
minimum-age drinking laws, 47, 72, 117-118, 123, 200
motorcycle helmet laws, 34, 78, 84-85, 92, 120, 122, 209
safety-belt use laws, 34-35, 78, 91-92, 95, 119, 120, 122, 123, 209 , 259
speed limit, national maximum, 46 n.3, 82, 120, 121, 123
zero-tolerance laws, 36
Drownings, 45, 48, 52, 76, 193
Drug Abuse Warning Network, 69
Drunk driving.
See also Alcohol use injuries, 46-47, 91, 92, 94-95
E codes, 63-64, 70, 147, 187, 191
Ecologic study design, 103
Educating Professionals in Injury Control series, 196
Education and Research Centers (ERCs), 194, 196, 225, 227
Education Development Center (Newton, Mass.), 232
Education interventions, 3, 32.
See also Training
child safety seats, 179
firearm injuries, 134
focus of, 180
of legislators and political leaders, 199-200
occupational safety, 225, 226-227
research, 240
state and community initiatives, 179, 180, 185, 190, 191, 199, 200
techniques, 199
violence prevention, 85, 197 n.3
Elderly people.
See also Age
cause of injury deaths, 52, 245
trauma care for, 143, 168, 245
Emergency department (ED) visits, 41, 48-49, 51-52, 165
costs, 55
surveillance systems, 70, 71, 77-78, 147, 187, 209, 213
Emergency medical services.
See also Trauma care systems
cost containment, 166-167
curriculum development, 196
elderly, 143
funding, 182
helicopter medical transport, 158
infrastructure, 182
levels of providers, 140
paramedic, 158
pediatric, 142
prehospital, 140, 152, 157, 158
rural, 141-142
training, 145-146
Emergency Medical Services for Children (EMS-C) Program, 13, 142, 144, 160, 231, 233-234, 252
Emergency Medical Services Systems Act of 1973, 143, 144
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act of 1985, 164
Emergency Nurses Association, 146
Emergency nursing, 146
Emotional sequelae, 27
Enforcement of mandatory requirements, 7, 122, 123, 126, 133, 134, 190, 220-221, 222
Environmental interventions, 26, 33, 84
Epidemiology, injury, 32
childhood, 142
literature, 105
research, 101-103, 128, 130, 211-212, 224
surveillance systems, 76, 77-78
EuroQol, 57
Evaluation of interventions, 3, 24, 60
behavioral research, 101
child safety, 233
factors considered, 90-91
methodological problems, 88, 151
motor vehicle safety, 5, 97, 120, 209
occupational safety, 226
outcome measures, 101, 150-152
process, 95
product, 93
support for, 5, 106, 120, 197, 226, 243
surveillance systems for, 74-75
technical assistance for, 197
trauma systems, 9, 146-147, 148, 149, 150-152, 154-156, 168
violence prevention, 235, 237, 238
Falls
mortality rates, 45, 46, 48, 52, 245
nonfatal, 49
prevention, 94
years potential life lost, 53
Fatal intentional injury surveillance system, 72-74, 79
Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), 4, 68, 72, 79, 117, 209
Federal Aviation Administration, 207
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 67, 72, 125
Federal Emergency Management Agency, 207
Federal Hazardous Substances Act, 212 n.6
Federal Highway Administration, 68, 118, 119, 207, 208
Federal Railroad Administration, 207, 211
Federal response.
See also individual departments and agencies
agencies involved in injury field, 11-12, 206-207
coordination and leadership role, 12-13, 251-253, 260-262
interagency collaboration, 12-13, 192, 251-253
priority-setting role, 35-36, 200
private-sector partnerships, 260
state infrastructure building, 10, 189, 191, 201
technical assistance to states, 10, 197, 201
training of injury prevention practitioners, 194-195, 197
trauma systems support, 8, 9, 147, 149, 159-161, 168
Federal Transit Administration, 207
Financing/funding
construction, tied to highway safety, 36, 118, 123
education, 197 n.3
evaluation research, 189
federal sources, 8, 10, 18, 19, 103-105, 106, 119, 130, 148, 160, 189
infrastructure building, 10, 189, 201
patient care, 161-163
private-sector sources, 179, 184
research, 7, 8, 18, 19, 103-105, 106, 119, 104, 130, 148
state and community sources, 10, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 188-190, 201
for training, 6, 103-105, 106, 196
trauma care systems, 9, 138, 143, 149, 159-163, 167, 168
violence prevention programs, 235
Fire and burn injuries, 45, 48, 52
mortality rates, 259
prevention, 61, 75, 84, 87, 93, 217, 226-227, 228-229
research accomplishments, 84, 85, 87, 228-229
Fire Prevention Week, 185
Firearm Owner Protection Act, 127
Firearm-related injuries, 89
child and adolescent vulnerability, 7-8, 132-133, 134
controversies, 131-132
enforcement of regulations, 133
gender and, 47
individual freedom issue, 7, 131
instrumentality issue, 131
measures of exposure, 129
mortality rates, 7, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 103, 115, 124, 132
prevention, 2, 7-8, 24, 86, 89, 126-128, 130, 132-134
recommendations, 7, 8, 131, 134
research, 7, 128-130, 134, 243, 247
state and local programs, 130
suicides, 8, 45, 47, 48, 73, 86
surveillance systems, 7, 71, 73, 125-126, 128, 134, 187, 241
treatment, 129
unintentional, 8, 124, 125, 129, 132
Firearms
design interventions, 129, 133
regulation and legislation, 7, 126-128, 132, 134
safety and performance standards, 126
First National Conference on Injury Control, 31
Flammability standards, 87, 93
Flammable Fabrics Act, 212
Functional Independence Measure, 155
Future of Public Health report, 199
Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association, 185
Gender
and deaths from injuries, 49-50
and emergency department visits, 51-52
and firearm-related suicides, 47
and hospitalizations, 50-51, 52
and occupational injuries, 53
patterns of injury by, 49-52, 53
General Accounting Office, 214, 216, 220
General Health Status Measure Short Form-36, 155
Government Performance and Results Act, 218-219
Governor's Highway Safety Program, 120, 189
Grassroots organizations, 180, 200, 214.
See also individual organizations
Gun Control Act, 127
Guns. See Firearm-related injuries
Haddon matrix, 22, 23, 29, 33, 117
Handgun access laws, 35
Harlem Hospital Injury Prevention Program, 85-86
Harlem Hospital Pediatric Trauma Registry, 85
Head injury, 97, 153, 155, 158, 241.
See also Brain and spinal cord injury
Head Injury Criterion (HIC), 97
Helicopter medical transport, 158
Health Care Cost and Utilization Project, 65, 69
Health Care Financing Administration, 68
Health insurance, private, 162, 163, 164, 165
Health-related quality of life measures, 154-155, 156
Health Resources and Services Administration, 9, 13, 77, 120, 160, 167, 185, 189, 206, 230, 234, 247 n.17, 252, 261
Health Services, Preventive Health Services, and Home and Community-Based Services Act, 144
Health-state classification system, 57
Health status measures, 154-155, 156
Health Utilities Index, 57
Healthy People 2000 goals, 200
High-risk groups, targeting interventions to, 92, 100, 133
Highway Loss Data Institute, 184
Highway safety
construction funding tied to, 36, 118, 123
engineered safety features, 94, 118
legislation, 21, 118, 120, 144, 145, 179
strategic planning, 187
Highway Safety Act, 21, 118, 120, 144, 145, 159, 208, 209
Homicide Research Working Group, 130
Homicides, 24
domestic violence, 128
firearm-related, 45, 47, 48, 73, 128, 132
race/ethnicity and, 50
socioeconomic environment and, 94
surveillance systems, 4, 72, 73, 74, 125
Hospitalizations, 1, 18, 41, 48, 49
costs of, 55
lengths of stay, 150, 154, 158, 165-166
number of, 143
readmissions, 77
surveillance systems, 65, 66, 75-76, 77-78
transfers, 166
IDEA program, 211
Indian Health Service, 68, 194, 195, 206
Industrial safety, 21
Information systems. See Surveillance systems; specific networks and databases
Injury and Violence Prevention Program, 231
Injury control.
See also Injury field
defined, 29-30
Injury Control Research Centers, 2, 6, 19-20, 24, 31, 103, 148, 195 , 196, 240-241, 243, 244-245
Injury Control Act of 1990, 12, 239-240, 251
Injury Control report, 2, 20, 30, 104, 195, 248
Injury field
accomplishments, 13-14, 258-259
adjacent fields, 32
boundaries, 2-3, 23-24, 25, 27
challenges, 15, 32, 198-199, 259
coordination and collaboration in, 2, 6, 31-32, 79, 89, 130, 150, 223, 239, 259, 260-262
core disciplines, 30
databases, 105-106
integration of methods and perspectives, 2, 259, 264-265
investment priorities, 2-3
mission, 2-3, 23-27, 30, 33, 264-265
organization of report, 36-37
policy making, informed, 266-268
public health perspective, 22, 23, 33, 260
public support for, 259, 265-266
scientific communication, 265
study background, 18-20
timeline, 284-295
vocabulary, 28-30
Injury in America report, 2, 12, 13, 19, 23, 24, 30, 104, 194, 239 , 244, 248, 250, 251, 262
Injury Prevention report, 198
Injury science, 21, 22, 26, 32, 266-267
Injury Severity Score (ISS), 153
Institute of Medicine, 1, 2, 19, 20, 227
Institutional National Research Service Awards, 238
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 120, 184
Intelligent transportation systems, 211
Intentional injuries, 23-24.
See also Homicides;
Suicides
defined, 28-29
integration with unintentional injuries, 2, 25-26
prevention, 86-90
research on, 24
Interagency Working Group on Violence Research, 239
International Classification for External Causes of Injuries (ICECI) , 64
International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 3, 28-29, 62-64, 70, 79, 153
International Collaborative Effort for Injury Statistics (ICE), 63
Internet, 105-106
Interventions.
See also Evaluation of interventions
agent, 93
behavioral, 91-92
categories of, 90
biomechanical, 96
environmental, 94
and health care costs, 163
implementation of programs, 9, 178-180
incentive grants, 242
intentional injuries, 86-95
opportunities for, 22
peer training, 92
prevention, 21, 82, 85-86, 90-95
research, 90-95
socioeconomic, 94-95
unintentional injuries, 83-86
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, 1, 20
Johns Hopkins University, 31, 244
Center for Injury Research and Policy, 194
Journal of Emergency Medical Services, 149
''Kids Plate" vehicle license tags, 190
Law Enforcement Agency Data, 125
Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, 67
Lawnmower performance standards, 215
Learn Not to Burn curriculum, 185
Legislation.
See also individual statutes
highway safety, 21, 118, 120, 144, 145, 179
trauma care, 139-140, 143, 144, 145, 149, 159-161
Lifesavers Conference, 192
Lobbying, 200
Location of injury occurrence, 63-64
Magnitude of injury
cost, 53-58
morbidity, 48-49
mortality rates, 44-48
patterns, 49-53
Maine 2000 program, 221
Major Trauma Outcome Study, 151
Managed care, 150, 162, 163, 164-167, 168, 191
Maternal and Child Health Bureau
accomplishments, 142, 185, 234
Community Integrated Service Systems, 231, 233
Emergency Medical Services for Children (EMS-C) Program, 142, 144, 160, 231, 233-234
grants and contracts, 232-234
health performance measures, 191
mission and focus, 206, 230-231
recommended role, 10, 196, 249
resources and structure, 231-232
Special Projects of Regional and National Significance, 231, 232-233
technical assistance, 194
Traumatic Brain Injury Program, 231
violence prevention program, 90, 194, 195, 231
Medical Examiner and Coroner Alert Project, 213
Medical examiner and coroner data, 4, 5, 48, 73, 75, 77, 78, 209
Medical Examiner and Coroner Information Sharing Program, 73, 74
Medical informatics, 105
Metropolitan Life Foundation, 197 n.3
Minimum-age drinking laws, 47, 72
Model Trauma Care System Plan, 143, 144, 161
Molecular biology, 32
Monitoring the Future Study, 69
Morbidity, injury-related
costs of, 18
by nature of injury, 49, 62, 63
overall burden of, 48-49
Mortality, 18.
See also Deaths;
Years of potential life lost
age-related, 41, 42-43, 46-47, 49-50, 84
aviation-related, 96
by cause of death, 42-43, 47, 54
coding of data, 62-63
consumer product-related, 212
firearm-related injuries, 7, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 103, 115, 124, 132 , 259
gender and, 49-50
motor vehicle-related, 7, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52, 94, 95, 115-116, 121 , 123, 141, 259
occupational injuries, 48, 52, 226, 259
race/ethnicity and, 49-50
sex ratios, 50
socioeconomic environment and, 94
surveillance systems, 65, 66, 67, 72-74
Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), 21, 120, 184, 199
Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act, 205
Motor vehicle and traffic-related injuries.
See also Driver/occupant safety
alcohol-related, 46-47, 91, 92, 94-95
cellular telephones and, 103
controversies, 121-123
evaluation of interventions, 87, 97, 120, 209
hospital lengths of stay, 166
mortality rates, 7, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52, 94, 95, 115-116, 121, 123, 141, 179, 259
nonfatal, 49
number, 24
occupational, 52-53
perceptions of risk and, 100-101, 122
prevention, 6, 7, 84, 85-86, 87, 91-92, 93, 94-95, 99-100, 116-120 , 191
public support for safety, 120
race/ethnicity and, 50
regulation and legislation, 118-119
research, 6, 83, 84, 99-100, 119-120, 123, 208, 243, 247
socioeconomic conditions and, 94
speed limit and, 46 n.3, 82, 119
state and local programs, 120, 209
surveillance data, 4, 65, 68, 71, 72, 78, 117-118
trends, 46
Motor vehicle safety
design mismatches, 123
inspections, 119
literature, 105
organizations, 184
research, 208
Motorcycle
headlights, 121
helmet laws, 34, 78, 84-85, 92, 120, 122, 209
National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), 63, 65, 66
National Association of EMS Physicians, 146
National Automotive Sampling System (NASS), 68, 69, 72, 117, 209
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , 206
National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), 4, 73, 206
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 4, 62, 65, 66, 67, 125
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC)
Basic Injury Program Development, 250
cooperative agreements, 240, 241-242, 249-250
educational activities, 240, 241, 243
Injury Control Research Centers, 2, 6, 19-20, 24, 31, 103, 148, 195 , 196, 240-241, 243, 244-245, 249
origins, 239-240
priority areas for research, 12, 242, 245-248, 268
recommended role, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12-13, 16, 104-105, 167, 190, 196, 245-249, 250-251, 252, 261-262
research grants, 240-241, 243-247
resources and structure, 240
state and community infrastructure building, 12, 128, 181, 188, 189 , 190, 241, 242, 249-250, 251
suicide prevention, 246, 252, 262
surveillance activities, 4, 13, 70, 71, 147, 148, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 249, 252
technical assistance, 10, 12, 188, 197, 241, 249
training activities, 6, 10, 12, 104-105, 195, 196, 240, 241, 243, 244, 248-249, 262
trauma systems research, 9, 77, 120, 147, 148, 167, 247 n.17
violence prevention, 90, 128, 195, 236, 238, 246, 247-248, 252
National Center for Maternal and Child Health, 232
National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, 206, 228
National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 209
National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS), 68
National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety, 197
National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, 63
National Consortium on Violence Research, 128, 130, 239
National Council on Accident Prevention, 19
National Crime Victimization Survey, 66, 72, 88, 125
National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 105
National Directory of Injury Prevention Professionals, 31
National Drive Safely@Work Week, 209
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), 3-4, 67, 70, 71, 79, 125, 213-214, 216, 261
National Farm Medicine Center, 227
National Fire Administration, 69
National Fire Code, 185
National Fire Incident Reporting System, 69
National Fire Protection Association, 185
National Firearms Act, 127
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 63, 65, 66, 70
National Highway Safety Act of 1995, 36
National Highway Safety Bureau, 21, 118, 205
National Highway System Designation Act of 1995, 121 n.1
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
child safety initiatives, 12, 185, 233, 252
collaborative programs, 192
mission and focus, 21, 118, 205, 207
recommended role, 6, 10, 13, 16, 104, 196, 212, 249, 252, 261, 262
regulatory activities, 205, 207
research, 6, 21, 105, 119, 130, 198, 208, 212, 247
resources and structure, 207-208
Safe Communities program, 193
Special Crash Investigation (SCI) program, 61
surveillance systems, 4, 32, 69, 71, 73, 78, 209, 212
training activities, 6, 10, 194, 196, 212, 249, 262
trauma systems development, 13, 142, 145, 147, 148, 160, 188
workshops, 194
National Highway Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, 118
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), 63, 65
National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), 65, 66, 157
National Incident-Based Reporting System, 67
National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect, 68
National Injury and Violence Prevention Resource Center, 194, 197
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
educational activities, 198, 225, 226-227
mission and focus, 206, 218, 223, 261
motor vehicle safety research, 120
recommended role, 6, 10, 11, 16, 196, 226-227, 249, 252, 261
research priority setting, 11, 224, 225-226, 268
resources and structure, 223-224, 240
surveillance activities, 67, 223-224, 226
technical assistance, 197
training grants, 6, 10, 103-104, 194, 196, 224-225, 249, 262
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases , 206
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 142, 206 , 215, 228
National Institute of General Medical Sciences, 11, 16, 206, 228-230 , 261
National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
accomplishments, 237-238
evaluation of programs, 237, 238
recommended role, 4, 11, 16, 73, 238-239, 252, 261-262
research, 235, 236-237, 238, 246
resources and structure, 235-236
technical assistance, 236
training activities, 11, 235, 237, 238
surveillance system, 4, 73, 74, 125
National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers, 235
National Institute of Mental Health, 90, 128, 206, 246, 252, 262
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 206, 228
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 206
National Institute on Aging, 119, 206
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 90, 119-120, 206
National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, 142, 147, 206
National Institute on Drug Abuse, 69, 90, 206
National Institute on Trauma, 19
National Institutes of Health
accomplishments, 229-230
center-based research, 244
institutional training grants, 238
recommended role, 11, 19, 227, 230, 261, 263, 267-268
resources, 228
trauma research, 11, 148, 226, 227, 230
training, 11, 104, 228-229, 230, 262
violence prevention, 238
National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE database, 105
National Mortality Followback Survey, 66
National Occupant Protection Use Survey, 69
National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA), 11, 224, 225-226, 247 , 268
National Pediatric Trauma Registry, 142
National Personal Transportation Survey, 68
National Program for Playground Safety, 197
National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians, 145
National Research Council, 145
Transportation Research Board, 211
National SAFE KIDS campaign, 179, 185, 190, 193, 199
National Safety Council, 21, 185
National Science Foundation, 128, 207, 239
National Suicide Prevention Conference, 88
National Technical Information Service, 105
National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, 205
National Transportation Safety Board, 207
National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB), 76, 147
National Traumatic Occupational Fatality Surveillance System, 67, 72
National Vital Statistics System, 65, 67, 117
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, 68
Nature of injury
coding, 62-63
morbidity trends, 49
surveillance systems, 64
Network of Employers for Traffic Safety, 209
New Injury Severity Score, 153
9-1-1 systems, 138, 140, 149, 165
Nonprofit organizations, 180, 184-185, 199-200.
See also individual organizations
Northern Manhattan Injury Surveillance System, 85, 86
Occupational injuries
high-risk occupations, 53
mortality rates, 48, 52, 226, 259
patterns of, 52-53
prevention, 91
research, 103-104
surveillance systems, 4, 60, 64, 66, 71, 72
Occupational Safety and Health Act, 21, 217-218, 219, 221, 223, 261
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
See also National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
accomplishments, 222-223
enforcement activities, 220-221, 222
mission and focus, 21, 207, 218, 261
outcome studies of regulation, 222-223
regulatory activities, 218, 219-220, 222
research priority setting, 226
resources and structure, 217-218, 219
surveillance activities, 218, 221-222
technical assistance from, 219
training activities, 222
Office of Justice Programs, 90, 128, 130, 207, 234-235.
See also National Institute of Justice
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 195, 207
Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools, 195
Office of Technology Assessment, 220
Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1968, 235
Outcomes
and costs, 157
measures of effectiveness, 101, 149, 154-156
modeling, 154
nonfatal, measures of, 154-156
of occupational safety regulation, 222
prediction of, 152-154
surveillance systems, 76
trauma systems, 149, 150-156, 161, 165, 166, 261
Passive protection, 33, 121-122
Patient care, financing, 161-163
Patient-oriented measures of health status, 155
Patient risk factors, 156
Patterns of injury
by age, 49-52
by cause, 52
by gender, 49-52
occupational, 52-53
by race/ethnicity, 49-52
Pew Charitable Trust, 196
Physical environments, engineered safety features, 94
Playground safety, 85, 232, 241
Poison control centers, 21, 78, 84, 183, 193
Poisoning Prevention Packaging Act of 1970, 84, 212 n.6
Poisonings
gender and, 52
mortality rates, 45, 46, 48, 84
nonfatal, 49
Police reports, 4, 65, 73, 78, 187, 209
Prevention of injury.
See also Interventions;
Research on prevention
accident prevention distinguished from, 24
Accidental Death and Disability recommendations, 18
barriers to, 104
core program elements, 181
cost-benefit analysis, 33
federal role in, 35-36
firearm-related, 2, 7-8, 24, 86, 89, 126-128, 130, 132-134
integration into existing programs, 191
intentional injury, 25-26, 86-90
literature, 105-106
managed care and, 165
model programs, 85-86
pediatric programs, 142
public health role, 23
state programs, 21
trauma systems role, 146-147
treatment linked to, 31-32, 146-147
Privacy and confidentiality issues, 76, 78, 187
Private-sector organizations, 179, 180, 260
Product safety.
See also Consumer Product Safety Commission
deaths, 212
regulations and legislation, 34, 212 n.6
surveillance systems, 3, 67, 70, 213-214, 216
Professional organizations, 179, 180, 186, 265.
See also individual organizations
Psychological trauma, 27
Public awareness, raising, 178, 180, 198-199, 201, 259
Public education. See Education interventions
Public health departments
funding of injury prevention, 7, 104, 183
perspective on injury prevention, 22, 23, 24, 33, 260
program placement, 181
state infrastructure strengthening, 181-191
on violence prevention, 26, 89
Public support
for motor vehicle safety, 120, 122, 133
for firearm safety, 133-134
nurturing, in injury field, 259, 265-266
Qualitative research, 101
Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), 57
Quality of life
costs of injury, 53, 56, 57-58
and suicide, 86
Quality of Well-Being Scale, 57, 155
Race and ethnicity
and deaths from injuries, 50
and emergency department visits, 51-52
and hospitalizations, 50-51
patterns of injury by, 49-52
Rand Health Insurance Measures for Child Health Status, 155
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 6, 102, 103
Recommendations
of Accidental Death and Disability, 18-19
fatal intentional injury surveillance system, 4-5, 15, 73-74
federal role, 6, 10, 11-12, 16, 104, 196, 212, 217, 226-227, 230, 238, 245-249, 250
firearm-related injuries, 7, 8, 15, 131, 134
of Injury in America, 12, 19-20, 104, 251
occupational injuries, 11, 16, 226-227
outcomes research, 9, 15, 161, 167
research on prevention, 6-7, 15, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104-105, 212, 217, 226-227, 247-248
state infrastructure building, 10, 16, 190, 196, 250
summary of, 15-16
surveillance systems, 3, 4-5, 15, 64, 71-72, 73-74, 212
technical assistance, 10
training, 3, 10, 15, 16, 64, 104-105, 196, 212, 230, 238
trauma care systems, 8-9, 15, 161, 167, 230
violence prevention, 11, 12, 16, 238, 248
Recreational activities, injury prevention, 85-86, 106, 244, 245-246 , 247-248, 264
Refrigerator Safety Act, 212 n.5
Regulation
child-resistant packaging, 93
cost-benefit balancing, 222
firearm safety, 7, 126-128, 132, 134
flammability standards, 87, 93
motor vehicle safety, 118-119
occupational health and safety, 218, 219-220, 222
paternalism controversy, 33, 34-35
water heater temperatures, 87
Rehabilitation, 9, 29, 30, 140, 150, 152, 155, 157, 158, 161, 165, 167, 184, 228, 240, 243
Remediation of injuries, 23
Remove Intoxicated Drivers (RID), 21, 120
Research on prevention.
See also Evaluation of interventions;
individual disciplines
Accidental Death and Disability recommendations, 18
on assaultive injuries, 24, 129
behavioral, 91-92
capacity building, 2, 259, 262-264
centers, 2, 6, 19-20, 103, 148, 195, 240-241, 243, 244-245
challenges in, 6, 83, 88, 93, 95, 97
childhood injury, 142
collaborative approach, 238-239
communicating results, 105-106, 198, 201, 265
extramural, 6, 104, 148, 208, 211, 212, 223, 226, 228, 230, 235, 236, 238, 240, 243-244, 245, 263
federal funding, 8, 14, 18, 19, 103-105, 106, 130, 148, 208, 210-212 , 240, 243
firearm injuries, 7, 128-130, 134, 243, 247
Injury in America recommendations, 19-20
investigator-initiated, 104, 142, 208, 211, 224, 226, 228, 236, 240 , 243, 245, 247, 262-263
motor vehicle safety, 6, 21, 83, 84, 99-100, 119-120, 123, 208, 210 -212, 243, 247
multidisciplinary nature of, 5, 7, 95-103, 119, 129-130, 134, 198, 224-225, 230
occupational safety and health, 223-226
organization of researchers, 106
peer review of, 6, 104, 105, 211, 224, 228, 236, 240, 244
priority setting, 224, 225-226, 242, 245-248, 262, 267-268
qualitative, 101
recommendations, 6, 7, 14, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104-105, 212, 226, 230 , 247-248
rehabilitation, 228
state and community sponsorship of, 180, 185
training for, 6, 103-105, 106, 212, 230, 238, 243, 262
trauma care, 8, 9, 19, 119, 120, 129, 148, 149, 150-156, 159, 168, 224, 226, 227, 230, 245, 247 n.17
validation, 98
violence prevention, 235, 236-237, 238, 239
Residential injury prevention, 21, 244, 245-246, 247-248, 264
Resource libraries, 198
Revised Trauma Score (RTS), 153, 154
Risk
factors, patient, 156
regulation, 34
significant, 220
Risk-taking behavior, 34
age and, 100
identification of, 101-102
monitoring, 67
perception of risk and, 6, 100-101, 122, 215
response to safety improvements, 100-101, 122, 215
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 1, 20
Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (England), 21
Safe America Conference, 31
Safe Communities program, 193, 209
Safety-belt use laws, 34-35, 78, 91-92, 120, 122, 123, 209
Safety innovation, 23
Scaling multiple injuries, 151, 152-154
Self-inflicted injuries, 29.
See also Suicides
Severity Index, 97
Sheppard-Towner Act of 1922, 231
Sickness Impact Profile, 155
SIDS Alliance, 215
Skylights, 60
Smoke detectors/alarms, 61, 84, 87, 91, 189, 242
Snell Memorial Foundation, 185
Social Security Act, Title V, 231
Society of Automotive Engineers databases, 105
Society of Trauma Nurses, 146
Socioeconomic environments, 94-95
Space heaters, unvented, 215
Special Crash Investigation (SCI) program, 61
Special Projects of Regional and National Significance, 231, 232-233
Speed limit, national maximum, 46 n.3, 82, 120, 121, 123
Sport-utility vehicles, 123
State and Community-Based Injury Control Programs, 242 n.15
State and Community Formula Grant Program, 208
State and Community Highway Safety Grant Program, 120
State and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors' Association (STIPDA) , 10, 77, 181, 188, 190, 196
State and community response
agencies and organizations, 180, 182-183
coalition building, 185, 190, 192, 193, 201
educational, 179, 180, 185, 190, 192, 197 n.3, 199, 200, 201, 225
evaluation of programs, 197-198, 209
federal role, 10, 189, 191, 192, 194, 197, 200, 201, 241
firearm regulation, 127-128, 130
funding for programs, 10, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 184, 186, 188-190 , 196, 198, 201, 209, 232-234, 241, 242
grassroots organizations, 180, 193, 200
implementation of programs, 9, 178-180, 197
injury prevention programs, 21, 118, 120, 130, 181, 187-188, 191, 192, 209, 241
motor vehicle accident related programs, 120, 209
nonprofit organizations, 180, 184-185, 199-200
occupational safety and health programs, 218
private-sector organizations, 179, 180, 185
professional organizations, 179, 180, 186
public awareness, raising, 178, 180, 198-199, 201
public health infrastructure, 181-191, 242, 249-250, 264
research sponsorship, 180, 185, 198, 209
strategic planning, 10, 187-188
surveillance systems, 3, 61, 74-78, 85, 117, 125, 128, 147, 187, 189
technical assistance, 10, 179, 187, 188, 190, 194, 197, 201, 209, 241
training, 10, 179, 185, 191, 194-197, 201
trauma systems management, 8, 143-145, 147, 149
Steps to Prevent Firearm Injury (STOP) Program, 196-197
Substance abuse, and violence, 89, 130.
See also Alcohol use
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 69, 206
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 215
Suicides
carbon monoxide and, 87-88
firearm-related, 8, 45, 47, 48, 73, 86, 132
gender and, 47
magnitude of, 58
prevention, 24, 26, 86-88, 106, 191, 246, 247-248, 252
race/ethnicity and, 50
research, 88, 101, 106, 246, 247-248
surveillance systems, 4, 72, 73, 74, 125, 246
Surveillance systems, 3.
See also specific systems
coding issues, 62-64, 147-148, 187
defined, 60
fire and burn injuries, 75, 189
firearm-related injuries, 7, 71, 73, 125-126, 134, 187, 189
funding, 187, 241, 242, 245, 249, 259
intentional injury data, 4, 72-74, 79
intentionality issue, 25-26
limitations, 3, 70, 74, 75, 76
linkages between, 70, 77, 78, 79, 105-106, 117, 147-148, 239
motor vehicle injuries, 4, 65, 68, 71, 72, 78, 117-118
national data sources, 3, 61, 64-74
needs, 3-5, 61-62, 76, 78-79, 125-126
occupational injuries, 53, 66, 72, 218, 221-222, 223-224
privacy and confidentiality issues, 76, 78, 187
product-related injuries, 3, 67, 70, 213-214, 216
recommendations, 3, 4, 62, 71-72, 73
state and local data sources, 3, 61, 74-78, 85, 117, 125, 128, 147 , 187, 189
structure of database, 64
technical assistance, 187
trauma care, 147-148, 149, 187, 189
uniform data sets, 3, 75, 77-78, 147, 148
uses, 3, 4, 60-62, 70, 72, 74-75, 76, 83, 85, 117-118, 125, 266
Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 66, 72, 221
Technical assistance, 10, 179, 187, 188, 190, 194, 197, 201, 209, 219, 241, 249
Terminology, 28-30
The Injury Prevention Program (TIPP), 196
Timeline, 284-295
Time-series study designs, 103
Tolerance to injury, 96-97, 119
Toy Manufacturers of America, 185
Toy standards, 217
Training
funding for, 6, 103-105, 106, 224-225, 241, 243, 248-249, 262
health care professionals, 196-197, 226, 241
injury prevention practitioners, 10, 179, 185, 201, 243, 262
interdisciplinary model, 195
occupational safety, 222, 224-225
peer, 92
recommendations, 3, 10, 64, 104-105, 196, 248-249, 262
of researchers, 6, 103-105, 106, 211-212, 238, 240, 248-249, 243, 262
trauma-care providers, 145-147, 191, 228-229, 243, 262
violence prevention, 195, 235, 237, 238
Transportation Research Information Services, 105
Trauma and Injury Severity Score, 151, 154
Trauma care systems.
See also Acute care;
Emergency department visits;
Emergency medical services;
Rehabilitation
case mix, 152-154
components, 8, 139, 140, 167-168
computer applications in, 105
cost-effectiveness, 9, 158-159, 168
costs of, 9, 154, 156-159, 168
criteria to identify, 150
evaluation of effectiveness of, 9, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150-152, 154 -156
exclusive, 139
federal support for, 8, 147, 149, 159-161, 168, 188, 261
financing of, 9, 138, 143, 149, 159-163, 167, 168
inclusive, 139-140
injury severity, 152-154
legislation, 139-140, 143, 144, 145, 149, 159-161
limits on number of centers, 144-145, 149
outcomes of, 9, 149, 150-156, 161, 165, 166, 168, 261
overview of, 139-146
patient-care financing, 161-163
pediatric, 142
personnel, 145-146
prevention role, 146-147
recommendations, 8-9, 161, 167
research, 8, 9, 19, 119, 120, 129, 148, 149, 150-156, 159, 168, 244 , 247 n.17
special populations, 142-143, 168, 245
state and regional agencies, 8, 143-145, 147, 149
state support for, 149, 159-161
surveillance systems, 147-148, 149
training, 145-147
unreimbursed care, 157, 162, 166
utilization measures, 165
volume of patients, 144-145
Trauma Care Systems Planning and Development Act, 139-140, 143, 144, 149, 160, 161
Trauma centers, 140, 141-142, 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 157, 163
Trauma Foundation, Injury and Violence Prevention Library, 198
Trauma registries, 75-77, 79, 85, 142, 144, 147, 149, 151, 155-156
Traumatic Brain Injury Program, 231
Treatment of injuries, 29.
See also Trauma care systems
prevention linked to, 31-32
surveillance systems, 76
training, 104
Triage, 140, 151, 159, 166-167
Understanding Violence Against Women report, 236
Undetectable Firearms Act, 127
Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) System, 72, 125
Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation, 147
Uniform hospital discharge data, 3, 75, 77-78, 187, 209
Unintentional injuries, 28-29
deaths, 83
research accomplishments, 83-86, 87
University of North Carolina Injury Prevention Research Center, 195
U.S. Coast Guard, 207
U.S. Fire Administration, 185, 207
U.S. Public Health Service Act, 227, 233
U.S. Surgeon General, 88
Workshop on Violence and Public Health, 89
Vehicle Research Center, 184
Vermont Healthy Vermonters 2000 program, 192
Violence.
See also Assaultive injuries;
Homicides
against women, 236-237, 238-239
defined, 25 n.2
domestic, 75, 88, 128, 191, 232, 237, 239
evaluation of programs, 235
magnitude of, 58
prevention, 2, 24-25, 26-27, 85-86, 88-90, 94, 106, 184, 191, 195, 196-197, 232, 235, 238, 246, 247-248, 252
public health perspective, 89
research, 101, 106, 128, 130, 235, 246, 247-248
surveillance systems, 66, 67, 72
workplace, 128
Violence Against Women Act of 1994, 236
Violence in Families report, 90, 237
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, 89, 127, 234 , 235, 246
Vital statistics system, 65, 67, 75, 77, 125, 209
Voluntary Protection Program, 221
Walsh-Healy Act of 1936, 218
War Revenue Act, 127
Whiplash, 97-98
Whitaker Foundation, 185
W.K. Kellogg Foundation, 1, 20, 21
Worker safety, 21, 180, 225, 226-227.
See also Occupational injuries
Workers' compensation, 91, 158, 162, 163
World Bank, 57
World Conference on Injury Prevention and Control, 64
World Health Organization, 57, 62.
See also International Classification of Diseases
Working Group on Injury Surveillance Methodology, 64
Years of potential life lost (YPLL), 1
by cause of death, 53, 54, 263
research investment relative to, 18, 19
Young Worker Community-Based Health Education Project, 225
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 67
Zero-tolerance laws, 36