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INDEX
A
Addiction, see Craving; Dependence; Tolerance; Withdrawal symptoms
Adjunctive therapy, general, 4, 10, 145, 153, 157, 167, 172, 247
see also Pain, treatment of
Administration of drugs, see Drug delivery
Adolescents, 6, 15, 16, 90, 91, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 123, 126
Affinity, receptors, 42, 44, 46, 51
defined, 42 (footnote)
African Americans, 173
Age factors, 9, 16, 22, 92-93, 94, 95, 100, 117
adolescents, 6, 15, 16, 90, 91, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 123, 126
children, 96, 97, 101, 124-125, 139, 149, 167, 210
prenatal exposure, effects of, 124-125
see also Elderly persons
Agonists, receptor, 34, 37, 38, 39, 43-47, 54, 56-57, 58, 64, 70
glaucoma, 176-177
listed, 44
market considerations, 209, 210, 212
neurological disorders, 166, 167, 168
see also SR 141716A; SR 144528
AIDS, viii, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 107, 115-117, 120-121, 145, 178, 252
AIDS wasting, 4, 8, 23, 154-158, 159, 177, 204-205, 207, 209, 234, 246, 248
clinical trials, 8, 156, 213, 245
defined, 154
individual patient account, 27-28
smoking of marijuana, 27-28, 156
Alcohol use and abuse, 6, 88, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 117, 254
nausea and vomiting, 147
Alternative medicine, general, 19, 20, 180, 215, 216, 217-218, 254-255
Alzheimer's disease, 173, 204, 205, 209
American Medical Association, 180, 244-255 (passim)
Amotivational syndrome, see Motivation
Analgesia, see Pain, treatment of
Anandamide, 34, 41, 43-47, 48, 54, 194
Animal studies, 3, 35, 36-81, 88, 89, 91, 111, 120, 122-123, 125, 140, 145, 195, 199, 212, 246
movement disorders, 164-165, 167, 170
relevance of, general, 36
Anorexia, see Appetite; Wasting syndrome
Anorexia nervosa, 159
Antagonist, receptor, 34, 37, 39, 44, 55, 58, 70
market considerations, 205, 210, 211
nausea and vomiting, 151, 152-153
Antiemesis, see Vomiting
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Anxiety, 4, 10, 36, 84, 90, 109, 127, 142, 153, 165, 168, 203
see also Dysphoria; Euphoria; Sedation
Appetite, viii, 3, 4, 10, 21, 23, 142, 144, 156-159 (passim), 173, 205, 209, 245, 248
set also Nausea; Vomiting; Wasting syndrome
Arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG), 43, 45, 46, 47, 64, 65
Arizona, vii, 1, 17, 18, 104 (footnote)
Arthritis, 28-29
Attitudes
physicians, prescribing marijuana, 152, 202
risk perception, 104
B
Basal ganglia, 48-52, 164-166, 168
see also Lymphocytes, general
Benzodiazepines, 3, 70, 161, 164, 168
Blood pressure
hypertension, 48, 84, 86, 90, 121, 158, 175
hypotension, 121, 150, 151, 175
Brain, general, 3, 35, 36-37, 48-49, 69, 70, 92, 170
basal ganglia, 48-52, 164-166, 168
cannabinoid receptors, 37-65, 69-70
cerebellum, 46, 49, 50, 51, 53, 121, 122
endogenous cannabinoid system, 43-51, 70
globus pallidus, 49, 52, 53, 167
substantia nigra, 49, 51, 52, 53, 167, 168
thalamus, 46, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 165, 167, 169
see Neurons, general
British Medical Association, 180, 244-255 (passim)
Buyers' clubs, see Cannibis buyers' clubs
C
see also AIDS wasting; Appetite; Wasting syndrome
Caffeine, 88
California, vii, 1, 16, 17, 18, 101-102, 104, 204, 207
Canada, 150
Cancer
smoking of marijuana as cause, 5, 114, 115, 117-121, 237
treatment of, 22, 23, 142, 145, 154, 158, 159, 204-205;
see also Chemotherapy
Cannabidiol (CBD), 3, 36-37, 47, 60-61, 66, 122, 166, 171-172, 214
Cannabinoids, general, vii, viii-ix, 2-4
defined substances, 4
standards, general, 19, 213, 216, 217
see also THC
Cannabinol, 25, 37, 64, 66, 110
see also THC
Cannibis buyers' clubs, viii, 16, 20, 21, 22, 207 defined, 20
Cardiovascular system, 121-122, 251
see also Blood pressure
Case studies, 15, 27-29, 117, 119-120, 254
individual patient accounts, 27-29
single-patient clinical trials, 139, 162
CBD, see Cannabidiol
Cellular biology, 5, 25, 35-59, 69-70, 118-119, 120-121
see also Genetics; Immune system; Receptors; Signal transduction
Cerebellum, 46, 49, 50, 51, 53, 121, 122
Cesamet, see Nabilone
Chemotherapy, viii, 4, 16, 23, 144, 146-153 (passim), 177, 205, 207, 234, 245, 247, 248
Children, 96, 97, 101, 124-125, 139, 149, 167, 210
see also Adolescents
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 114-115
Clinical studies, 15, 30, 34-35, 137, 206, 233-234
movement disorders, 166, 169-170
smoking of marijuana, 9-10
Clinical trials, 7-8, 9-10, 34, 137, 141, 142-143, 203, 209, 211, 218
AIDS wasting, 8, 156, 213, 245
animal studies vs, 36
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nausea and vomiting, 7-8, 142, 145-154, 179, 245, 247
psychological effects, 5, 10, 109, 149
recommendations, 4, 5, 7-8, 9-10, 178, 179-180, 215, 245-255 (passim)
regulatory requirements, 195, 196, 200, 202, 208, 211, 213, 218, 256-257
single-patient trials, 139, 162
standards for, 7-8, 10, 138-139, 179-180
Cocaine, 3, 20, 70, 88, 90, 95, 102, 240
Cognitive effects, 49, 83-84, 89, 105, 106-107, 108, 124-125
memory, 35, 49, 53, 56, 84, 89, 106, 144, 173, 212
see also Psychological effects
Connecticut, 17
Controlled Substance Act, 16-17, 102, 198-204 (passim), 210, 213-219 (passim)
scheduling, 17, 102, 194, 198-213 (passim), 216-217, 218, 240-241, 256-257
Convulsions, see Seizures
Cost factors, 9, 16, 206-207, 243
drug development, 195, 196, 203, 206, 217-218
CP 47,497, 210
CP 55,244, 210
Cytokines, 62, 66, 67, 112, 120, 157
D
DEA, see Drug Enforcement Administration
Delivery modes, see Drug delivery
Department of Health and Human Services, 199, 200, 201, 217
see also National Institutes of Health
Dependence, 6, 9, 57-59, 70, 84, 86, 237
animal research, 35
criteria, 87
legal issues, 16
marijuana as a gateway drug, 6-7, 9, 20-21, 98-101
predictors of, 93-98, 99, 100, 101, 126
see also Craving; Tolerance; Withdrawal symptoms
Depression, 22, 23, 29, 84, 95, 105, 155, 159
fluoxetine, 48
see also Dysphoria
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 84, 87
District of Columbia, 17
Dizziness, 27, 121, 150, 158, 203
Dopamine, 58, 88, 92, 167, 168
Dosage factors, 137, 245, 248, 256
affinity, 42 (footnote)
caffeine, 88
cardiovascular effects, 121
cognitive effects, 107
glaucoma treatment, 176, 177, 251
immune system effects, 60-63, 64-67, 68
morphine, 37
multiple sclerosis treatment, 163
neurological disorder treatment, 166, 169
pain treatment, 102, 142, 143, 149
psychological effects, 84, 85, 105
psychomotor effects, 51, 53, 85
reproductive effects, 122, 125
respiratory effects, 113
THC, 88, 89, 91, 122, 142, 176, 203, 206, 215, 255
glaucoma treatment, 176, 177, 251
pain treatment, 102, 142, 143, 149
psychoactive doses, 85
see also Dependence; Tolerance
Dronabinol, see Marinol
Drug Awareness Warning System, 102-103
Drug delivery, 7, 9, 151, 197, 199, 217, 239, 242, 245
inhalation, 7, 9, 57, 94, 150, 154, 165, 175, 197, 203, 206, 215 (footnote), 216, 242, 247, 251, 255; see Smoking, marijuana
injection, 39, 54, 57, 66, 67, 68, 85, 88, 94, 100, 122, 150, 151, 152, 159, 174, 175, 203
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oral, 4, 9, 16, 57, 84, 89, 91, 121, 122, 142, 148-156 (passim), 163, 164, 165, 171, 174, 175, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 215, 242, 247, 249, 251
suppositories, 206
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 137, 198-202, 203-204, 208, 213, 214, 217
Dysphoria, 5, 84, 126, 150, 159, 203
sec also Anxiety; Depression
E
Economic factors
access and availability, general, 9, 194-198, 206-208, 213-214
health insurance, 207
private investment, 178, 195-219
public investment, 4, 137, 178, 211, 214, 218
set' also Cost factors
Efficacy, 9, 11, 14, 19, 20, 30, 54, 57, 88, 107, 108, 126, 144, 179, 217, 243, 256
defined, 4-5
regulatory requirements, 197, 212, 215
see also Clinical studies; Clinical trials
Elderly persons, 21
clinical trials, 139
Emesis, see Vomiting
Emotional factors, see Psychological effects
Endorphins (endogenous opioids), 35, 43
Epidemiological Catchment Area Program, 97
Epilepsy, 29, 170-173, 177, 245, 250-251
Euphoria, 5, 16, 83-84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 92, 108, 144, 150, 203
Eye diseases, see Glaucoma
F
Federal government, 194-202
see also Department of Health and Human Services; Drug Enforcement Administration; Food and Drug Administration; Legal issues and legislation; Public investment
Fluoxetine, 48
Food and Drug Administration, 17, 20, 137, 138, 149, 156, 194-198, 199, 200, 202-203, 204, 205, 208, 209, 213, 215, 216, 217, 257
Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act, 197 (footnote)
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 194, 213, 215, 256
Foreign countries, see International perspectives; specific countries
France, 69
Funding, see Public investment
G
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 50
Gateway theory, 6-7, 9, 20-21, 98-101
Gender factors, 20, 22, 94, 95, 115, 170-171
Genetics, 5, 38, 42, 69, 118-119, 120
drug development, 19-20
reproductive system effects, 122-125
transduction, 37, 38, 40-41, 43, 57; see also Agonists, receptor
see also Cellular biology; Receptor binding; Receptors
Glaucoma, 9, 22, 24, 173-177, 234, 251-252
agonists, receptor, 176-177
intraocular pressure, 175, 176, 251-252
smoking of marijuana, 174, 175, 177, 251
Globus pallidus, 49, 52, 53, 167
H
Headaches, 151
see also Migraine headaches
Health insurance, 207
Heart, see Cardiovascular system
Herbal medicine, general, see Alternative medicine, general
Heroin, 88, 90, 92, 95, 99, 100, 240
Hispanics, 94-95
Historical perspectives, 118
antiemetics, 151
legal issues, 16-18
medicinal uses of marijuana, 16-19
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research on marijuana, 33-34, 244-255
HIV, see AIDS
Hormones, 37, 48, 58-59, 66, 122, 123, 155, 157
HU-210/HU-211, 44, 60, 64, 66, 67, 176, 201, 209, 211, 250
Huntington's disease, 49, 166, 198
Hypertension, 48, 84, 86, 90, 121, 158, 175
Hypotension, 121, 150, 151, 175
I
Immune system, 5, 37, 42, 51, 59-68, 70, 109-111, 112-113, 116-117, 120, 156, 158, 212, 233, 236, 245, 248, 252
cytokines, 62, 66, 67, 112, 120, 157
dose effects, 60-63, 64-67, 68
infections, 66-67, 112-113, 155, 236
inflammatory/antiinflammatory effects, 67-68, 112-113, 142, 155, 209
leukocytes, 59, 62, 64, 109-111, 120
lymphocytes, general, 59, 62, 64, 112, 118, 155
T cells, 59, 62, 64-65, 66, 112
multiple sclerosis, 160
see also AIDS
Inactivation, 36, 46, 47, 48, 212
Infections, 66-67, 112-113, 155, 236 see also AIDS; Receptors
Inflammatory/antiinflammatory effects, 67-68, 112-113, 142, 155, 209
Information dissemination, see Public information
Insurance, see Health insurance
International perspectives, 180, 244-255
exporter of marijuana for research, 214-215, 218
marijuana laws, 103-104
seizure treatment, 171
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 217
see also specific countries
Intraocular pressure, see Glaucoma
Investigational New Drug applications (FDA), 195, 196, 198, 206, 213
Israel, 209
L
Legal issues and legislation, 14, 16-18, 86, 126, 206-207, 215-216
Controlled Substance Act, 16-17, 102, 198-204 (passim), 210, 213-219 (passim)
scheduling, 17, 102, 194, 198-213 (passim), 216-217, 218, 240-241, 256-257
Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act, 197 (footnote)
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 194, 213, 215, 256
foreign/international, 103-104, 217
Marijuana Tax Act, 16
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Legislation, 17, 18, 200, 213
Orphan Drug Act, 198, 205, 211
patent law, 208-210
Prescription Drug User Fee Act, 195
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 217
state legislation, 17, 18, 102-103, 200, 206-207
see also Regulatory issues
Lethargy, see Motivation
Leukocytes, 59, 62, 64, 109-111, 120
Levonantradol, 44, 57, 142, 148, 149, 210
Ligands, 37, 39, 40-41, 42, 45, 53, 64, 194
see also Agonists, receptor; Antagonist, receptor; Receptor binding
Lipophilic substances, 25, 39, 175, 206
Louisiana, 17
LSD, 240
Lungs, 5, 111-115, 117, 118, 119, 126, 236, 253
Lymphocytes, general, 59, 64, 112, 118, 155
M
Malnutrition, see Appetite; Nutrition
Marijuana, general
active constituents, 36-37
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Marijuana Tax Act, 16
Marinol (dronabinol), 16, 44, 137, 149, 156, 158, 173, 194, 195, 240, 248
development of, 193-194, 195, 197, 202-208, 210, 211, 216, 218
Medical Use of Cannabis, 244-245
Memory, 35, 49, 53, 56, 84, 89, 106, 144, 212
Alzheimer's disease, 173
Men, see Gender factors
Metabolic processes, 36-37, 65, 110, 203
starvation, 154-155
Methodology
drug development, 19-20, 137, 193-219, 238-239, 255; see also Drug Enforcement Administration; Food and Drug Administration
costs of, 195, 196, 203, 206, 217-218
other research, 20-22, 24, 119-121, 162, 163, 213-214
recommendations by non-committee organizations, 244-257
psychological research, 104-105
see also Case studies; Clinical studies; Clinical trials
Migraine headaches, 22, 23, 143-144, 209, 213
Minority groups, see Racial/ethnic factors
Mood effects, 21, 69, 84, 89, 92, 99, 105, 108, 143, 144, 153, 154, 161, 165, 248
see also Anxiety; Depression; Dysphoria; Euphoria; Sedation
Motivation, 58, 105, 107-108, 158, 168, 237, 254
Motor effects, see Movement disorders; Psychomotor effects
Movement disorders, 4, 160, 165-170, 177, 233, 245, 249-250
animal studies, 164-165, 167, 170
Parkinson's disease, 49, 167, 168, 198, 209
seizures, 22, 29, 90, 170-173, 177, 245, 250-251
Tourette's syndrome, 167-168
see also Basal ganglia; Psychomotor performance; Spasticity
Mucositis, 144
Multiple sclerosis, 9, 22, 23, 143, 160-161, 162, 163, 170, 198, 209, 245
individual patient account, 28
Muscle spasticity, see Spasticity
N
Nabilone, 44, 148, 149, 161, 162, 163, 174, 202, 246, 248, 249
National Cancer Institute, 202
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 104
National Institute of Drug Abuse, 213-214
National Institutes of Health, 178, 180, 194-195, 202, 213-214, 215, 244-255 (passim)
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Legislation, 17, 18, 200, 213
Nausea
antagonist, receptors 151, 152-153
clinical trials, 7-8, 142, 145-154, 245, 247
opioids, 140
palliation, 3, 4, 7-8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 23, 27, 29, 142, 144, 145-154, 159, 164, 202, 205, 207, 234, 245, 247, 248
withdrawal symptoms, 6, 90, 127
see also Appetite; Vomiting
Netherlands, 103-104, 180, 214, 244, 245, 246, 249-255 (passim)
Neurology and neurological disorders, 233, 234, 242, 245, 246, 251
dizziness, 27, 121, 150, 158, 203
glaucoma, 173-176 (passim)
seizures, 22, 29, 90, 170-173, 177, 245, 250-251
see Brain; Movement disorders; Multiple sclerosis; Spasticity; Spinal cord
Neurons, general, 2, 37, 38, 46, 47, 48, 49-50, 53, 55, 167, 211
Neuroprotection, 47, 67, 70, 176, 209, 211
Neurotransmitters, 37, 38, 43, 48, 50, 53, 54, 88, 147, 168, 211
dopamine, 58, 88, 92, 167, 168
see also Endorphins; Gamma-aminobutyric acid; Serotonin
New drug applications (FDA), 195-197, 203, 215, 257
New Hampshire, 17
Nicotine, 3, 70, 88, 90, 92, 96, 97, 100
see also Tobacco
Norway, 104
anorexia nervosa, 159
see also Appetite; Wasting syndrome
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O
Office of National Drug Control Policy, vii, 1
Ohio, 17
Older persons, see Elderly persons
Opioids, 3, 35, 37, 43, 53, 54, 55, 58, 69, 70, 88, 92, 102, 233, 246
heroin, 88, 90, 92, 95, 99, 100, 240
Orphan Drug Act, 198, 205, 211
P
Pain, treatment of, viii, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 20-22, 23, 24, 28-29, 84, 159, 164, 210, 233, 234, 241, 245-247
clinical trials, 7-8, 141-145, 179
dose effects, 102, 142, 143, 149
neurophysiology of, 35, 53-56, 70
sedation, 5, 10, 109, 127, 140, 144, 145, 150, 161, 164, 168, 241
standards of analgesic usefulness, general, 140-141
usefulness of analgesics, general, 140-141
chronic, 8, 21, 22, 23, 30, 53, 54, 67-68, 138, 142-143
definitional issues, 139-140, 141
depression, 22, 23, 29, 48, 84, 95, 105, 155, 159
dysphoria, 5, 84, 126, 150, 159, 203
inflammatory/antiinflammatory effects, 67-68, 112-113, 142, 155, 209
withdrawal, 3, 6, 35, 58-59, 70, 84, 86, 87, 89-91, 127, 143-144
Parkinson's disease, 49, 167, 168, 198, 209 see also Substantia nigra
Performance, see Psychomotor performance
Pharmaceutical companies, see Private sector
Political and social factors, vii, 1, 2, 6-7, 13-15, 17-19, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99, 202, 234
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Legislation, 17, 18, 200, 213
see also Legal issues and legislation; Referenda
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 117, 119
Pregnancy, 122-125, 126, 139, 145
Prescription Drug User Fee Act, 195
Prozac, see Fluoxetine
Psychiatric disorders, see Schizophrenia
Psychological effects, 3, 4-5, 44, 54, 65, 83-92, 101, 104-109, 126, 233, 237, 253-254
anorexia nervosa, 159
anxiety, 4, 10, 36, 84, 90, 109, 127, 142, 153, 165, 168, 203
clinical trials, 5, 10, 109, 149
dependence predictors, 95-96, 99, 100, 101, 126
depression, 22, 23, 29, 48, 84, 95, 105, 155, 159
dysphoria, 5, 84, 126, 150, 159, 203
euphoria, 5, 16, 83-84, 88, 92, 108, 150, 203
mood disorders, general, 23, 24
motivation, 58, 105, 107-108, 158, 168, 237, 254
receptor physiology, 35
schizophrenia, 105, 106, 159, 253
seizures, impacts of, 172
smoking of marijuana, 5-6, 10-11, 104-109
withdrawal, 3, 6, 35, 58-59, 70, 84, 86, 87, 89-91, 127, 143-144
see also Cognitive effects
Psychomotor performance, 5, 85, 89, 107, 108, 125-126, 254
dizziness, 27, 121, 150, 158, 203
movement disorders
physiology of, 35, 49, 51-53, 55
see also Spasticity
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R
Racial/ethnic factors, 94-95, 173
Receptor binding, 37, 39-45, 64, 194, 211
ligands, 37, 39, 40-41, 42, 45, 53, 64, 194
see also Agonists, receptor; Antagonist, receptor
Receptors, 2, 3, 33, 34, 35, 37-65, 69-71, 86, 110, 144, 159, 169, 172, 176-177
anandamide, 34, 41, 43-47, 48, 54, 194
immune system, 59-64
nausea and vomiting, 146, 147, 152, 153
serotonin, 48, 151, 152-153, 159, 205
Regulatory issues, 14, 211, 213-218
clinical trials, 195, 196, 200, 202, 208, 211, 213, 218, 256-257
see also Drug Enforcement
Administration; Food and Drug
Administration; Legal issues and
legislation; Standards
Reproductive system effects, 122-125, 126, 139, 145, 253
Research methodology, see Methodology
Respiratory system, 5-6, 10, 88, 113-115, 119-120, 127, 146, 236, 253
see also Lungs
S
Scheduling, 17, 102, 194, 198-213 (passim), 216-217, 218, 240-241, 256-257
Schizophrenia, 105, 106, 159, 253
Sedation, 5, 10, 109, 127, 140, 144, 145, 150, 161, 164, 168, 241
Seizures, 22, 29, 90, 170-173, 177, 245, 250-251 types of, 170
Serotonin, 48, 151, 152-153, 159, 205
Side effects, general, 9, 27, 28, 127, 138, 140, 151, 203, 243, 246
marijuana use, 34, 145, 150, 152, 158, 161, 170, 172, 173, 177
see also Anxiety; Chemotherapy; Memory; Nausea; Sedation; Vomiting
Signal transduction, 37, 38, 40-41, 43, 57
see also Agonists, receptor; Cellular biology
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 217
Sleep, 6, 27, 37, 49, 83, 90, 127, 160, 164, 165
Smoking, marijuana, 2, 4, 5, 7-8, 47, 83, 85, 91, 104, 111-127, 177-178, 216, 254-255
carcinogenic effects, 5, 114, 115, 117-121, 237
defined, 2
individual patient accounts, 27-29
movement disorders, 167
physiological effects, 5-6, 10-11, 104-109
vomiting, control of, 150, 152, 153, 154, 179, 247
wasting syndrome, 27-28, 156, 159
Smoking, tobacco, see Tobacco
Social factors, see Political and social factors
Spasticity, 23, 24, 143, 169, 245, 249
clinical trials, THC, 160-164, 165, 249
multiple sclerosis, 9, 22, 23, 28, 143, 160-161, 162, 163, 198
smoking of marijuana, 161, 163
injury, 23, 145, 159-160, 161, 163-164, 198, 245, 249
SR 141716A, 34, 44, 57-58, 65, 69
Standards
analgesic usefulness, general, 140-141
cannabinoid drugs, 19, 213, 216, 217
clinical trials, 7-8, 10, 138-139, 179-180
State-level action
legislation, 17, 18, 102-103, 200, 206-207
see also specific states
Substantia nigra, 49, 51, 52, 53, 167, 168
T
Taxes, 16
T cells, 59, 62, 64-65, 66, 112, 120
see also Lymphocytes, general
Tetrahydrocannabinol, see Marinol; THC
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THC, viii, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 25, 26, 36-37, 39, 41, 71, 85, 88, 107, 109, 127, 177, 212, 234, 246, 247, 255
analogues, 44
Alzheimer's disease, 173
cardiovascular system, 121-122
dependence, 57-59
dose effects, 88, 89, 91, 122, 142, 176, 203, 206, 215, 255
glaucoma treatment, 176, 177, 251
pain treatment, 102, 142, 143, 149
psychoactive doses, 85
endogenous cannabinoids and, 43-48
epilepsy, 170
glaucoma, 174-175, 176-177, 251-252
immune system, 59-68 (passim), 110, 117
levonantradol, 44, 57, 142, 148, 149, 210
Marinol (dronabinol), 16, 44, 137, 149, 156, 158, 173, 194, 195, 240, 248
development of, 193-194, 195, 197, 202-208, 210, 211, 216, 218
pain treatment, 7-8, 102, 141-145, 149, 179
regulatory issues, 200-208, 214-215
reproductive system effects, 122-125
spasticity, clinical trials, 160-164, 165, 249
vomiting, clinical trials, 148-150, 153
Tobacco, viii, 5, 6, 95, 96, 97, 111-112, 113-114, 117, 118-119, 123
see also Nicotine
Tolerance, 3, 56-57, 70, 84, 86, 88-89, 121, 126-127, 233, 237
analgesics, usefulness of, 140
see also Dependence
Tourette's syndrome, 167-168
2-AG, see Arachidonyl glycerol
U
Unimed Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 202-205
United Kingdom, 180, 209, 211, 218, 244-255 (passim)
V
Vermont, 17
Virginia, 17
Vomiting, 3, 4, 10, 21, 23, 27, 29, 202, 205, 207, 210, 234, 248
antagonists, receptors, 151, 152-153
clinical trials, 7-8, 142, 145-154, 179, 245, 247
dose effects, 147, 151, 152, 154
drug delivery route, 148-154 (passim), 179, 247
smoking of marijuana, 150, 152, 153, 154, 179, 247
see also Nausea
W
Washington, D.C., sec District of Columbia
Wasting syndrome, 9, 23, 24, 28-29, 144, 154-159, 234, 248
Alzheimer's disease, 173
definitions, 153-154
smoking of marijuana, 27-28, 156, 159
see also AIDS wasting; Appetite
WIN 55, 212, 42, 44, 64, 65, 88
Wisconsin, 17
Withdrawal symptoms, 3, 6, 35, 58-59, 70, 84, 86, 89-91, 127, 143-144
Women, sec Pregnancy; Reproductive system effects
World Health Organization, 244-255 (passim)
World Wide Web, set Internet