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From page 245... ... , 187�188, 232 Aquifers, 178, 179�180. See also Water Belarus contamination canals, 157 Arizona State University, 238 cleanup, 24, 71 Artemenko, Nadia, 212 compensation of victims, 197, 198 Askania Nova reserve, 129, 130�131, contaminated lands, 35�36, 68, 75� 132�133, 134, 135, 137, 142, 144, 76, 77, 78, 232 145, 148, 150 earnings in, 205 Aspen, 42, 49 economy, 69 Atmospheric nuclear testing, 18, 41, 47, endemic goiter, 202 52, 139, 164 evacuations and resettlements, 23, Atomic bomb survivors, 196�197, 198 74, 77, 191, 198 Atomic numbers, 11 exclusion zone, 68, 69�75, 78, 80�91, 115, 130, 132, 135, 140, 156, 186 245 Read the entire page →
From page 246... ... See also individual species bacterial fixing in soils, 52 aquatic, 84, 95�97, 174, 192 bioavailability, 49�50, 51�52, 117, migratory species, 19, 44�45, 85, 123 121�122, 123, 164 mutants, 85 chemistry, 55 as radiation vectors, 223 condensate, 17, 47, 50�51, 78, 94, raptors, 100, 113 108 rare and endangered species, 32, 113 contaminated area, 19, 51�52, 54, strontium in eggshells, 85, 96 68, 73, 74, 75, 76�77, 78, 83, 91� Upper Swamps sanctuary, 95�96 92, 93, 94, 101, 142, 171, 177, Birth rates, 197 193, 208 Bismuth, 11 curies in exclusion zone, 18, 68, 177, Bison grass, 43�44 193 Black birch, 96 decay and radiation hazard, 16, 29, Black grouse, 84, 158 46, 50, 104, 117, 120�121 Black redstart, 45 detoxification, 203�204 Black Sea, 168 half-lives, 46, 231, 239 Boars, 33, 45, 93, 108, 109, 112, 114� in hot particles, 50�51 115, 117, 121, 122, 123, 133, 138, human exposure, 123�124, 193, 195, 141, 142, 143, 144, 149 201, 203 Bogs, 51, 95, 96 in inhabited areas, 209�210 Bondar, Yuri, 89, 90, 91 Read the entire page →
From page 247... ... INDEX 247 internal contamination, 49, 85, 120� explosion, 2, 3�4, 8, 13, 18�19, 54, 121, 123, 124, 193 83, 155, 171, 221, 222, 226 isotopes, 16, 46, 47 fission reaction risk, 223�224 measurement in humans, 123�124, graphite fire, 4, 5, 16, 54, 76, 221, 193 222 migration, 51�52, 63, 64, 160 groundwater contamination, 222 in mushrooms, 64, 65, 195 long-term dangers, 217 from nuclear weapons testing, 47 missing fuel, 221�222, 229 permissible levels in food, 103, 122, monitoring, 223, 226 138, 214 New Safe Confinement, 227�229, on and in plants, 38, 41, 49�50, 57, 230, 239, 241 172, 234, 235 occupational exposures, 227, 228 turnover, 123 post-accident operation, 25, 200� water pollution, 155, 158, 160, 161, 201, 219 169�170, 172, 178 radiation levels around, 166, 217, in wildlife, 85, 103, 117, 120�122 220, 222�223, 225, 226, 229 Chabad Children of Chernobyl project, radiation releases, 9, 13�20, 22�23, 204, 205 139 Chain reaction. See Nuclear fission radionuclide inventory, 16, 17, 21� Chala, Maria, 192 22 Challenger disaster, x reactors 5 and 6, 165 Channel catfish, 164 RBMK design, 12�13 Chanterelle mushrooms, 96 Sarcophagus/Shelter Object, 17, 25, Cherevach, 53, 54, 142 26, 44, 68, 73, 77, 85, 90, 139, 159, Chernenko, Konstantin, 240 161, 162, 171, 177, 179, 206, 207, Chernihiv, 92 217, 218�219, 220, 221�222, 223, Chernobyl accident victim syndrome, 225, 226�227, 230, 232, 234, 235, 197 240 Chernobyl Atomic Energy Station secrecy about disaster, x, xi, 118, 181, accessibility to people, 222�223 240, 242 bubbler pools, 222, 229 Shelter Implementation Plan, 227 Cascade and Buttress Walls, 222, torch monument, 9, 14, 19 225, 226, 228 "unit water," 223�224 cause of disaster, 9, 13 Vector waste storage facility, 230, cleanup, 24, 25, 177 231 closure of plant, 72, 73, 174, 200, 219 Visitors Center, 225 cooling pond, 153�154, 160, 162� waste disposal, 224, 225, 227, 229� 168, 169, 179 230, 231 core meltdown, 17, 18, 22�23, 44 water supply, 178 decommissioning and Western attitudes about disaster, ix, decontamination, 177, 219, 220� x, xi 221, 228�229, 230, 231 wildlife, 85, 162 earthquake risks, 226, 229 workers, 73, 206, 207, 219, 220, 227, elephant's foot and fuel-containing 231 masses, 217, 218, 222, 223, 224, Chernobyl Children's Project 228, 229, 230, 241 International, 75 Read the entire page →
From page 248... ... fire prevention as, 30 cleanup, 24, 71 leaky radioactive dumps, 27�29, 37� cultural background, 36, 53 38, 41, 77, 175�176, 178�179 evacuation, 23 "liquidators," 24�25, 72, 73, 77, 197, Jews of, 184 198, 199�200, 205�206 life in, 30�34, 69, 72, 80, 90, 91, 101� protection of water supply, 24, 155� 102, 207 162, 165, 169, 170�171, 173, 174, radiation levels, 16, 18, 31, 34 175�176, 177, 179 samosel populations, 233 reactor, 24, 25, 177, 206, 207 water supply, 154�155, 178 reoccupied villages and towns, 71 wildlife, 33, 140 runoff from, 153, 175 wormwood connection, 7 trees for fixing radionuclides, 59�60, Comb-and-Pit culture, 36 82 Congenital deformities, 200, 203, 206 "Dirty bombs," 73, 237 Cormorants, 84, 162, 175 DNA breakage and repair, 206�207 Costs of Chernobyl disaster, 76�80 Dnieper basin, xi, 153, 154, 161, 168, 180 Crimean Tatars, 131 Dneister River, 154 Crown gall disease, 61 Dogs, 23 Crucian carp, 163�164 Drevlyany/Derevlians, 36, 46 Cultural losses, 35�37 Duckweed, 170 Cultural artifacts, preservation, 59, 177 Dymer, 110 Curium, 47 Dytiatky, 44 Currants, 56 Read the entire page →
From page 249... ... , 23, 25, cleanup, 23�30, 37�38, 72, 88 26, 29, 45, 47, 50�51, 59, 64, 75, economic activities in, 230, 231�232 96, 100, 107, 137, 149, 156, 157, equipment graveyards, 24, 25�26, 162, 218 59, 68, 155, 175�176 Ukrainian Zone of Exclusion and evacuations, 4�5, 15, 20�23, 36�37, Zone of Unconditional 45, 68, 74, 77�78, 86, 162 (Mandatory) Resettlement, 23� fallout and contamination patterns, 34, 35�38, 45�47, 48, 50�51, 59� 23, 41�42, 47, 50�51, 67, 68, 75, 61, 64, 69, 72, 80�81, 112�119, 78, 81, 83, 94, 96, 101, 137, 138� 128�136, 140, 156, 186, 192�193 139, 142, 155, 175, 177, 185, 187, uninhabitable areas, 35�36, 45, 47, 193, 208, 235 69 feral fields, 45 workers in, 60�61, 72�73, 81, 90, 92, fire hazards, 60, 89, 94, 106, 132, 113, 122�123, 124 158, 171, 209, 232 Exploitation of disaster information pamphlets, 74�75 films, 186 by workers, 201 Read the entire page →
From page 250... ... , 196�198, 166, 168, 172 200, 203, 206�207 Food cardiovascular diseases, 203, 206, radiation standards, 103, 122, 138, 207 194, 214 on children, 21, 71, 200, 201�203, reducing radiation in, 195�196 206, 232 sources for zone residents, 193�194, compensation for victims, 74, 197� 195, 214 198, 204 Foxes, 100, 101, 115 congenital deformities, 200, 203, 206 Fruit, 122 cutaneous radiation syndrome, 22 Fungi, 65. See also Mushrooms evacuations and resettlements, 23, mycelia, 63�64 73, 74, 77, 78�80, 86, 184, 190, 193, 198, 199, 209, 212�213 firefighters, 198 G humanitarian assistance, 203�205 Gall wasps, 61 immune system disorders, 203, 207 Gashchak, Serhiy, 113 infant mortality, 197 Gden, 71 leukemia, 196, 198, 201, 206 Golden eagle, 33 "liquidators," 77, 197, 198, 199�200, Goloskokov, Oleg, 221, 222, 223, 225 205�206 Gomel, 76, 78, 79, 84, 91�92, 202 number of people affected, 198 Gorbachev, Mikhail, x, 118, 219, 240, psychological effects, 232, 241�242 242 radiation doses, 79, 196, 198�200 Gore, Al, 233�234 thyroid cancer, 77, 78, 197, 200, 201� Graphite moderator, 4, 5, 16 203 Grasses, 56, 103, 138�139 Human life in contaminated areas Gray herons, 86, 95 attitudes about radiation safety, 165, Great tits, 85 195, 233 Great white egrets, 84, 95, 191 beekeeping (bortnytstvo) Read the entire page →
From page 251... ... , 31, 32, 124, 184, 218, 219, 220, 225, 234, 239, 240 185, 190�197, 201, 208�209, Kyshtym nuclear spill, 221 210�215, 232�233 tourists and tourism, 184, 186�187 trespassers and vagrants, 189 L Ladyzhichi, 108, 186, 187 K Lake Azbuchyn, 171�172, 173, 179 Lake Daleke, 173 Kaczynski, Ted, 231 Lake Hlyboke, 159, 160, 165, 171�172, Kaluga-Tula-Orel region, 76 173 Kestrels, 84, 100 Lapwings, 192 Kharkiv stud farm, 134 Leaky radioactive dumps, 27�29, 37�38, Khoiniki, 69, 70, 74, 78, 80, 81, 89, 90 41, 77, 175�176, 178�179 Kholosha, Volodymyr, 230, 231, 232� Leliv, 45, 107, 108 233, 235 Lenin, V I., 219�220 Kiev Leukemia, 196, 198, 201, 206 Chernobyl museum, 3, 23 Lichens (Xanthoria) Read the entire page →
From page 252... ... , 64, 65 P Nature preserves. See also Exclusion zone; Wildlife, post-disaster; Palytayev, Petr, 70, 72, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, specific preserves 84, 86�87, 89, 91, 92, 102 combat zones as, 127�128 Partridges, 158 in exclusion zone, 230�231 Paryshiv, 70, 71, 72, 156, 185, 195 involuntary parks, 128, 218, 236 Pasichnyk, Volodymyr, 4 re-creation of Ice Age world, 128 Pasqualetti, Martin, 238 Rock Flats nuclear facility, 127 Peat, 51, 174 Read the entire page →
From page 253... ... , 68, chloroplast damage, 43 69�70, 72, 78. See also Exclusion crown gall disease, 61 zone deposition of fallout on, 41�42 Pond scum, 169�170 in Exclusion Zone, 29, 37, 38, 40, 41, Pond weed, 172 43�44, 45�46 Porcini mushrooms, 64, 65, 109, 195 gigantism, 42 Potassium, 49�50, 55, 56�57, 117, 124 meristems, 42 Potassium iodine prophylaxis, xi, 22, radiation doses to, 42 202 radiomorphism, 29, 37, 40, 41, 42, Prague Zoo, 146 170 Pripyat radionuclide uptake by, 16�17, 31, day of disaster, 3 38, 47, 49, 50�52, 57, 60, 61, 96, decontamination, 24, 71 103, 165, 234 evacuation, 4�5, 15, 21, 31, 73, 240 at Savannah River site, 41 future of, 233, 235 sterility, 43 life in, 207 stunting, 42, 43 post-disaster landscape, 2�3, 5, 9, Plum, wild, 49 233�234, 235, 239�240, 242 Plutonium potassium iodine prophylaxis, 22 Chernobyl inventory, 16 radiation levels, 2, 3�4, 5, 13, 15�16, contaminated area, 47, 67, 83, 104, 18, 92, 234, 235 137 transmutation to forest, 5�6, 32, 33, curies in exclusion zone, 48, 75 233�234 decay and radiation hazard, 21, 58, wildlife, 33, 85 104�105, 218 Pripyat River basin, 86 fission, 11�12, 224 contamination, 24, 154, 155, 156, half-lives, 29, 47, 104, 239 157, 160, 168, 173, 180, 234 health hazard, 60, 104�105, 137, 193 delta area, 190 hot particles, 47, 137 economic significance, 154 in inhabited areas, 209�210 fish, 164 isotopes, 16, 104 flooding hazards, 155, 157, 158, 160, measurement, 49, 193 169, 170�171, 173, 175, 176, 179 mobility, 78, 160 groundwater flow, 180 in plants, 103 reclaimed peat lands, 94�96, 157, terrorism concerns, 73 174 Podzolic soils, 54 wetlands, 20, 84, 94�96, 157, 173 Polecat, 114 wildlife, 106, 108, 158 Read the entire page →
From page 254... ... See also 151 Radionuclides captive breeding programs, 129, 131, air travel and, 15, 199 134, 137�138, 140, 142, 145, 146� alpha particles, 16, 19, 21, 22, 39, 40, 147 42, 48, 50, 104�105, 121, 137 diet, 144�145, 148 atmospheric nuclear testing fallout, discovery, 130 18, 41, 47, 52, 139 extinction in the wild, 131 atomic bomb survivors, 18, 39, 196� genetics, 133 197, 198 health of, 144, 147 attitudes about safety, 165, 195, 233 hybrid foals, 134 beta particles, 16, 21, 22, 39, 42, 48, habitat losses, 130, 131 50, 55, 58, 65, 85, 104, 117, 121, inbreeding, 146�147, 148�149 126, 188, 211 introduction programs, 129, 133� in Brazilian black sands, 14 135, 140 children's exposure, 21, 71, 200 Orlitza III, 146�147 chronic exposure, 39, 116, 193, 196, Pioneer's herd, 134 198�199, 203 population, 148, 150 current levels around Chernobyl, 2, predators, 136, 141 9, 14, 26, 29, 32�33, 34, 38, 188, Pripyat (mare) , 148, 149 209 radiosensitivity, 132 damage mechanisms, 42, 50 release into exclusion zone, 129, dose limits, 74, 122, 211, 234 133�135 dose measurement, 38�39, 43, 49, social structure and behavior, 135, 123�124, 193, 198�199, 233 144, 146, 147, 148�149, 150�151 exposure routes, 20�21, 161 stallions, 134, 135, 136, 142, 149 fear of, 217�218, 240 stress-related deaths, 133 gamma rays, 14, 15�16, 21, 22, 23, studbook, 145�146, 150 39, 42, 48, 50, 121 territory, 135, 136�137, 140 health effects of exposure, 14�15, Volny's herd, 134, 135, 136�137, 148 20�21, 22, 39, 42, 47, 116, 196� Vypad's herd, 134, 135, 136, 137, 197, 199�207 138, 142, 143, 144�146, 147, 148, internal vs. Read the entire page →
From page 255... ... See also Radiological Belarus, 14, 19, 35�36, 54, 68, 75�76, contamination; individual 77, 78, 83, 91�92 radionuclides compensation for victims, 74 amounts in exclusion zone, 48, 68, control measures, 24�25, 60, 76, 82, 75 89, 91, 94�96, 97, 122, 123, 174 bioaccumulation, 200 cooling pond, 153�154, 160, 166� bioavailability, 49�52, 57, 108, 117, 167, 169, 179 121�122, 123, 164 defined, 76�77 Chernobyl inventory, 16, 17, 21�22 from explosion, 3�4, 13, 18, 54, 83, condensates, 16, 17, 47, 50�51, 54, 155, 171, 222 55, 78, 94, 108 fallout patterns from Chernobyl, core-melt indicators, 17 13�20, 23, 28, 41�42, 47, 50�52, decay process and radiation hazard, 54, 59�60, 67, 68, 73, 74�77, 78, 11, 16, 19, 21, 26, 29, 40, 44, 46, 81, 83, 90, 91�92, 93, 94, 101, 50, 104, 117, 120�121 137, 138�139, 142, 155, 171, 175, defined, 15 177, 185, 187, 193, 208 deposition on plants, 41�42 from fires, 60, 94, 60, 89, 94, 106, half-lives, 21�22, 29, 46�47, 105 132, 158, 171, 209, 232 in hot particles, 47, 50�51, 54�55, of food chain, 30, 31, 49, 51�52, 54, 108, 137, 154, 160, 161 59, 71, 79, 83, 100-101, 119�126, migration through ecosystems, 51� 161, 167, 171 52, 54, 63, 64, 96, 100�101, 105, from graphite fire, 4, 5, 54, 76 160, 180 in graveyards, 60 natural, 124, 194 Read the entire page →
From page 256... ... , 127 64, 160, 178, 179, 187, 209�210 Rodents, 100, 111�112, 118, 120, 121, Sorrel, 56 123 Soviet Union, collapse of, xi, 219�220 Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) , 102� Spadefoot toad, 118�119 103, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114� Spruce, 42, 49 115, 117, 122, 132, 138, 141, 142, Stag beetles, 116 143, 162 Stalin, Josef, 183 Rupashchenko, Mikhail, 92�97 Stanford University, 99 Rusalkas, 7, 52�53 Sterling, Bruce, 128, 218 Russia Storks cleanup, 24 black, 32, 44, 95, 185 contaminated area, 76, 77 white, 44�45, 86, 95 evacuations and resettlements, 23, Strelichevo, 80 77 Strong nuclear force, 10�11, 12, 39 number of people affected, 198 Strontium thyroid cancer, 77, 202 in aquatic organisms, 165, 167, 168 Russian Orthodox Church, 8 bioaccumulation, 57, 65, 123, 125� Ruthenium, 17, 29, 200 126, 165, 171, 204 bioavailability, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54�55, 56, 165 S chemistry, 55 contaminated area, 19, 54, 73, 75, 78, Sakhan River, 210 171, 173 Sandy Plateau, 177, 178, 180 curies in exclusion zone, 48 Sarcophagus/Shelter Object, see decay and radiation hazard, 17, 29, Chernobyl Atomic Energy 46, 50, 55, 65 Station Read the entire page →
From page 257... ... , Swallowtail butterfly, 137 154, 159, 161�162, 165, 169, 174, Sweden, fallout, ix, 16, 76, 94, 240 176 Symbolism contaminated areas, 23, 41�42, 47, storks, 44 50�51, 67, 68, 75, 76, 77, 78, 92 torch monument, 9, 14, 19 culture and customs, 7, 52�53, 192 Ukrainian trident, 40�41 decontamination in, 24 wormwood, 6, 7�9 earnings in, 205 EcoCenter, 112�119 T evacuations and resettlements, 23, 30, 77, 78, 190�191 Taras, Yaroslav, 59 Eve of Ivan Kupala, 52�53 Tarpans, 130, 131 government and politics, xii, 71, Teasdale, Sara, 35 183�184, 187, 194 Tellurium-132, 22, 153 health care expenditures, 205 Teremtsi, 168, 190, 192�193, 194, 195, independence, xi, xii, 28, 40, 129 209 kurgans, 26, 239, 241 Thatch, 57, 94 Ministry of Agriculture, 194 Thujone, 7 Ministry of Emergencies, 59, 177, Thyroid cancer, xi, 77, 78, 197, 200, 194 201�203, 205 nature preserves, 129 Tigers, 127 number of people affected, 198 Tkachenko, Oleksandr, 209, 211, 214, radiation standards for food, 122 215 rusalka folklore, 7, 52�53 Tourists and tourism, 184, 186�187 soil fertility, 62 Tovstiy Lis, 188 storks, 43�44 Trees thyroid cancer, 77, 202 absorption of radionuclides, 50�51, trident symbol, 40�41 60, 82, 139, 218�219 Read the entire page →
From page 258... ... lotic systems, 164 80�81, 112�119, 128�136, 140, mobility of radionuclides, 155, 160 156, 186, 192�193 monitoring, 172, 175, 179 Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 225 protective dike and canal system, 24, Ukrainian brook lampreys, 166 155�162, 165, 169, 170�171, 173, Ukrainian Riding Horses, 129 174, 175�176, 177, 179, 234 Ultraviolet radiation, 119 radiation levels, 158, 159, 170, 171, United Nations, 79, 80, 122, 175, 186� 172�173, 175, 208 187, 200, 203 reactor cooling pond, 153�154, 160, University of Arizona, 128 162�168, 169, 179 University of Maryland�Baltimore, 184 reservoirs, 168 Upper Swamps sanctuary, 94�96 riverbank anomalies, 153, 180, 234 Uranium isotopes, 11, 21, 137 secondary, 154 Uranium oxide fuel, hot particles, 54� sediments, 153, 154, 159, 160, 166� 55, 137 168, 172, 178, 179 U.S. Department of Energy, 41, 236, 238 sources, 153, 155, 158, 178�179, 222, Uzh River, 53, 161, 180, 208 224 and wildlife, 163�168, 169, 171, 173�174 V Weasels, 100 Wels catfish (Silurus glanis) Read the entire page →
From page 259... ... , 126. See also Artemisia judaica, 8 Exclusion zone biblical symbolism, 6, 7�9 deliberate creation of, 235�236 Zymovyshche, 157 X Xanthoria, 5 X rays, 39 Read the entire page →

From page 245...

... , 187�188, 232 Aquifers, 178, 179�180. See also Water Belarus contamination canals, 157 Arizona State University, 238 cleanup, 24, 71 Artemenko, Nadia, 212 compensation of victims, 197, 198 Askania Nova reserve, 129, 130�131, contaminated lands, 35�36, 68, 75� 132�133, 134, 135, 137, 142, 144, 76, 77, 78, 232 145, 148, 150 earnings in, 205 Aspen, 42, 49 economy, 69 Atmospheric nuclear testing, 18, 41, 47, endemic goiter, 202 52, 139, 164 evacuations and resettlements, 23, Atomic bomb survivors, 196�197, 198 74, 77, 191, 198 Atomic numbers, 11 exclusion zone, 68, 69�75, 78, 80�91, 115, 130, 132, 135, 140, 156, 186 245

Index Pages 245-260

Index
Pages 245-260