The Future of Air Traffic Control Human Operators and Automation (1998) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Part II: Current and Envisioned Automation of Air Traffic Control Tasks
Part II: Current and Envisioned Automation of Air Traffic Control Tasks
Pages 63-84
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From page 63... ...
In Chapter 4 we review systems that process and present flight information to pilots (flight management system) and to air traffic controllers (ground-based flight data processing)
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From page 64... ...
Our current treatment of these facilities is limited here to referencing the automated features of these facilities that support traffic management functions for the en route, TRACON, tower, and oceanic environments. In addition, we note the distinction between air traffic control and airway facilities specialists; however, the tables include and the text discusses in detail the automated features of airway facilities systems that support air traffic control tasks.
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From page 65... ...
The dichotomy applied here between highly automated features and automation assistance features represents a forced choice judgment. We do not attempt here to apply the more complex treatment of levels and dimensions of automation, discussed in detail in Chapter 1.
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From page 66... ...
The FAA plans future development of data link capabilities and improved navigation and surveillance data, which are required to support desired automation features for the oceanic environment. Data link capabilities would include the oceanic data link (ODL)
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From page 67... ...
Voice Switching and Control System The voice switching and control system is a form of air traffic control automation that employs digital logic, controlled by a touch screen interface above the controller's display, to change and reconfigure radio frequencies and communication links, in order to directly route (or reroute) communications to desired parties (Perry, 1997~.
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From page 68... ...
However, the application of highly automated features, which often virtually replace controller actions, has to date been largely reserved for tasks of lower cognitive complexity. When automation is currently applied to tasks of higher cognitive complexity, the automation provides assistance to controllers, who perform and are responsible for the tasks.
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From page 69... ...
, ERM ESP/ASP Resolve strategic conflicts ETMS, ERM CTAS, CP, CR ESP/ASP Resolve MSAW condition CR Plan special-use airspace activities CTAS, CP, CR SAMS/MAMS Resolve special-use airspace violations CTAS, CP, SAMS/MAMS CR Resolve consequences of deviation CTAS, CP CR Plan departure and arrival flows ERM, ETMS CTAS, CP, CR ESP/ASP Plan response to weather ETMS CTAS, CP WARP, ITWS, CR Plan emergency response ETMS, MCC, CTAS, CP CR, OCC, NMCC NOCC Plan search for lost or overdue aircraft Respond to system failures ETMS, MCC, CTAS, CP OCC, NMCC NOCC, CR Plan resectorization CP CR PREDICT LONGER TERM Predict violation of separation standards Predict aircraft trajectory ETMS Predict aircraft heading and speed ETMS Predict aircraft position ETMS DSR, CTAS, CP DSR, CTAS, CP DSR, CTAS, CP DSR, CTAS, CP continued on next page
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From page 70... ...
. special-use airspace Determine deviation Determine equipment and system problems Compare use vs.
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From page 71... ...
. auvlsorles Inform pilots of deviations Data Link Inform pilots of airspace SAMS/MAMS Data Link restrictions Receive/send information about Data Link aircraft emergency Receive/send information about MCC, NMCC Data Link, system degradations OCC, NOCC Update flight plan information FDP, DUATS Data Link, OASIS Receive/send handoff FDP, RDP Receive/send weather information ACARS, WARP, ITWS Data Link, MWP, CWSU OASIS continued on next page
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From page 72... ...
) THE FUTURE OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL Cognitive Function/Task Currently In Future Implemented Development Concepts RDP Record conflict situations Remember noncontrolled objects Remember assigned aircraft Remember weather information Remember clearances Remember aircraft sequences Remember special-use airspace restrictions Remember traffic management constraints Remember sectorization Remember aircraft capabilities/ characteristics IDENTIFY Identify navigation fixes Identify weather features REMEMBER Remember history of aircraft position Remember flight plans and updates GPS/ADS DUATS, FDP, ETMS RDP RDP FDP, RDP MWP, CWSU WARP OASIS FDP, ETMS FDP, ETMS ETMS SAMS/MAMS ETMS VSCS, RDP, FDP FDP, ETMS OASIS Identify borders of special-use airspace FDP RADAR, WARP ACARS, NEXRAD FDP SAMS/MAMS Identify aircraft air speed, PRI/SEC GPS/ADS ground speed RADAR, RDP Identify aircraft type/designation SEC RADAR, ADS FDP, RDP Identify aircraft position (altitude, PRI/SEC GPS/ADS plan position)
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From page 73... ...
Resolve strategic conflicts ETMS CTAS, CP CR Resolve MSAW condition CR Plan special-use airspace activities CTAS, CP, CR SAMS/MAMS Resolve special-use airspace CTAS, CP, CR violations SAMS/MAMS Resolve consequences of deviation CTAS, CP CR Plan departure and arrival flows ETMS CTAS, CP CR Plan response to weather ETMS CTAS, CP ITWS, CR Plan emergency response ETMS, MCC, CTAS, CP CR, OCC, NMCC NOCC Plan search for lost or overdue aircraft Respond to system failures ETMS, MCC, CTAS, CP OCC, NMCC NOCC, CR Plan resectorization CR PREDICT LONGER TERM Predict violation of separation standards Predict aircraft trajectory ETMS Predict aircraft heading and speed ETMS Predict aircraft position ETMS Predict violation of conformance criteria Predict violation of flow restrictions ETMS CTAS,CP CTAS,CP CTAS,CP CTAS,CP CTAS, CP CTAS,CP continued on next page
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From page 74... ...
) THE FUTURE OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL Cognitive Currently In Future Function/Task Implemented Development Concepts Predict MSAW violation Predict deviation CTAS, CP Predict special-use airspace SAMS/MAMS, violations CP Predict traffic sequences for ETMS CTAS, CP arrival/departure flows Predict weather Various services ITWS Predict capacity and use ETMS CTAS Predict clearance slots ETMS CTAS COMPARE, PREDICT VERY SHORT TERM Determine violation of separation ARTS, FMA/ CTAS, CP standards PRM, CRDA GPS/ADS PRI/SEC RADAR, TCAS (for pilots)
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From page 75... ...
) Cognitive Function/Task Currently In Implemented Development Concepts Future TRANSMIT INFORMATION Receive clearance requests and FDIO, ETMS CTAS Data Link generate clearances Receive/send traffic management ETMS CTAS, CP Data Link restrictions Receive flight plan information FDIO, ARTS, CP Data Link DUATS Input/send flight plan information FDIO, ARTS Data Link Instruct pilots: heading, speed, Data Link altitude Instruct pilots: flight paths Data Link Receive/send conflict information TCAS CTAS, CP Data Link to pilots and/or controllers (to pilots)
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From page 76... ...
) THE FUTURE OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL Cognitive Function/Task Currently In Future Implemented Development Concepts REMEMBER Remember history of aircraft ARTS GPS/ADS position Remember flight plans and updates DUATS, FDIO, OASIS ARTS, ETMS Record conflict situations ARTS Remember noncontrolled objects ARTS Remember assigned aircraft ARTS Remember weather information TDWR ITWS OASIS Remember clearances ARTS, ETMS Remember aircraft sequences ARTS, ETMS Remember special-use airspace ETMS SAMS/MAMS restrictions Remember traffic management ETMS constraints Remember sectorization ARTS TVSR Remember aircraft capabilities/ characteristics ARTS, ETMS IDENTIFY Identify navigation fixes ARTS Identify weather features RADAR, ITWS ACARS, TDWR Identify borders of special-use ARTS SAMS/MAMS airspace Identify aircraft air speed, PRI/SEC GPS/ADS ground speed RADAR, ARTS Identify aircraft type/designation SEC RADAR, ADS FDP, ARTS Identify aircraft position PRI/SEC GPS/ADS (altitude, plan position)
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From page 77... ...
Resolve strategic conflicts ETMS SMA Resolve MSAW condition Plan special-use airspace activities Resolve special-use airspace violations Resolve consequences of deviation Plan departure and arrival flows ETMS SMA Plan response to weather ETMS SMA, WSP Plan emergency response ETMS, MCC, SMA, OCC NMCC NOCC Plan search for lost or overdue aircraft Respond to system failures ETMS, MCC, SMA, OCC NMCC NOCC PREDICT LONGER TERM Predict violation of separation TCAS AMASS SMA standards (for pilots) Predict aircraft trajectory Predict aircraft heading and speed Predict aircraft position Predict violation of conformance criteria Predict violation of flow restrictions ETMS Predict MSAW violation AMASS SMA SMA continued on next page
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From page 78... ...
) THE FUTURE OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL Cognitive Function/Task Currently In Implemented Development Concepts Future Predict deviation Predict special-use airspace violations Predict traffic sequences for arrival/ ETMS departure flows SMA Predict weather Various services WSP Predict capacity and use ETMS SMA Predict clearance slots ETMS SMA COMPARE, PREDICT VERY SHORT TERM Determine violation of separation PRI RADAR, AMASS SMA standards DBRITE, ASDE GPS/ADS Determine violation of PRI RADAR, GPS/ADS conformance criteria RDP Determine violation of flow ETMS SMA restrictions Determine MSAW violation DBRITE GPS/ADS Determine violation of PRI RADAR, SAMS/MAMS GPS/ADS special-use airspace DBRITE Determine deviation PRI RADAR, GPS/ADS DBRITE Determine equipment and system MCC, NMCC OCC, problems NOCC Compare use vs.
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From page 79... ...
. advisories Inform pilots of deviations Data Link Inform pilots of airspace ACARS restrictions SAMS/MAMS Data Link Receive/send information about Data Link aircraft emergency Receive/send information about MCC, NMCC Data Link, system degradations OCC, NOC Update flight plan information FDIO, DUATS Data Link, OASIS Receive/send handoff ARTS Receive/send weather information AWOS, ASOS, WSP, TWIP Data Link, LLWAS, TDWR OASIS REMEMBER Remember history of aircraft ASDE, DBRITE GPS/ADS, position SMA Remember flight plans and updates DUATS, FDIO OASIS, ETMS SMA continued on next page
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From page 80... ...
) THE FUTURE OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL Cognitive Function/Task Currently In Future Implemented Development Concepts Record conflict situations SMA Remember noncontrolled objects ASDE, DBRITE Remember assigned aircraft FDIO Remember weather information ASOS, WSP OASIS LLWAS, TDWR Remember clearances ETMS, FDIO SMA Remember aircraft sequences FDIO, ETMS SMA Remember special-use airspace DBRITE SAMS/MAMS restrictions ETMS Remember traffic management ETMS SMA constraints Remember aircraft capabilities/ FDIO, ETMS SMA characteristics IDENTIFY Identify navigation fixes DBRITE Identify weather features TDWR, ASOS, WSP LLWAS Identify borders of special-use DBRITE SAMS/MAMS airspace Identify aircraft air speed, PRI RADAR, GPS/ADS, ground speed DBRITE SMA Identify aircraft type/designation DBRITE, FDIO ADS, SMA Identify aircraft position (altitude, ASDE, DBRITE, GPS/ADS, plan position)
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From page 81... ...
Resolve strategic conflicts AOAS Resolve MSAW condition Plan special-use airspace activities Resolve special-use airspace violations Resolve consequences of deviation AOAS Plan departure and arrival flows AOAS Plan response to weather AOAS Plan emergency response MCC, NMCC AOAS, OCC, NOCC Plan search for lost or overdue aircraft Respond to system failures MCC, NMCC AOAS, OCC, NOCC Plan resectorization PREDICT LONGER TERM Predict violation of separation standards Predict aircraft trajectory Predict aircraft heading and speed DOTS DOTS DOTS Predict aircraft position DOTS Predict violation of conformance DOTS criteria Predict violation of flow restrictions DOTS Predict MSAW violation AOAS, OAP AOAS,OAP AOAS,OAP AOAS,OAP AOAS,OAP AOAS,OAP GPS/ADS continued on next page
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From page 82... ...
) THE FUTURE OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL Cognitive Currently In Future Function/Task Implemented Development Concepts Predict deviation Predict special-use airspace violations Predict traffic sequences for arrival/ departure flows Predict weather Predict capacity and use DOTS AOAS, OAP AOAS AOAS Predict clearance slots DOTS AOAS COMPARE, PREDICT VERY SHORT TERM Determine violation of separation TCAS (for ADS GPS, OAP standards pilots)
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From page 83... ...
. advisories AIDC, CPDL CPDL CPDL Inform pilots of deviations CPDL Inform pilots of airspace CPDL restrictions Receive/send information about CPDL aircraft emergency Receive/send information about MCC, NMCC OCC, NOCC system degradations Update flight plan information TP ODL AIDC, CPDL Receive/send handoff AIDC, CPDL Receive/send weather information AIDC, CPDL REMEMBER Remember history of aircraft ODAPS position Remember flight plans and updates ODAPS, TP Record conflict situations Remember noncontrolled objects Remember assigned aircraft ODAPS ADS GPS, OAP AIDC, OAP AIDC, OAP AIDC, OAP continued on next page
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From page 84... ...
) THE FUTURE OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL Cognitive Currently In Future Function/Task Implemented Development Concepts Remember weather information Remember clearances DOTS Remember aircraft sequences DOTS Remember special-use airspace restrictions Remember traffic management constraints Remember sectorization Remember aircraft capabilities/ characteristics ODAPS IDENTIFY Identify navigation fixes ODAPS Identify weather features Identify borders of special-use airspace AIDC, OAP AIDC, OAP AIDC AIDC AIDC Identify aircraft air speed, ground ODAPS ODL, ADS GPS, OAP speed Identify aircraft type/designation TP, ODAPS ODL, ADS OAP Identify aircraft position (altitude, ODAPS ODL, ADS GPS, OAP plan position)
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