Biographical Memoirs Volume 57 (1987) / Chapter Skim
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John Robert Raper
John Robert Raper
Pages 346-371
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From page 347... ...
Further pioneering studies followed while he was a National Research Fellow at the California Institute of Technology anct as a member of the botany staffat Inctiana University; during WorIcl War II he was recruited as a radiation biologist for the Manhattan Project in Chicago and Oak Ridge. At the University of Chicago after the war, he further refiner!
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From page 348... ...
His proficiency with the instrument increased steadily: by the time he was a student at the university in Chapel Hill—and first trumpet in the newly organized North Carolina Symphony he was seriously considering music as a profession. Fortunately, he chose biology not that he would have been a poor musician, but fortunately because otherwise he could not have made the important discoveries and contributions that marked his · .
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From page 349... ...
, then college, and soon thereafter developed careers elsewhere. In the matter of education and independent development there was every possible encouragement from home save appreciable financial assistance.
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From page 350... ...
~ohn's first contribution to science (1936) was an attempt to determine the pattern of sexual interaction between selfsterile strains of Achlya bisexualis, a heterothallic water moicI, previously clescribecl by Coker.
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From page 351... ...
It soon became clear that the mating process consisted of a number of welIdefined steps or stages, that these occurred in an orderly and invariant sequence, anct that each was associated with a visually evident developmental change in the paired culture. Additionally, because the stages appeared reciprocally in the two plants (thalli)
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From page 352... ...
These suppositions were then confirmed in clifferent ways. In one experiment male and female plants were separated by permeable membranes, either in the form of tubes or as sheets laid under the agar for some distance anti then bent upwarc!
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Antheridial hyphae appeared on the male plants at seven hours and were very abundant at twelve hours. The response of female plants was less rapid but nonetheless positive.
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From page 354... ...
In this he was partially successful. Much was learned about the properties of hormone A: "a final fraction, weighing 0.0002 g and still impure, contained 37 percent of the initial hormone-A activity of 1,440 liters of filtrate from female plants and incluced antheridial hyphal formation when tested in a dilution of I/10,000,000,000,000." For several reasonseconomic anc!
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From page 355... ...
, on her hands and knees in the middle of the laboratory sucking up this precious liquid with a tiny pipette. She had dropped the bottle, which had broken, and had intuitively gone about the rational business of recovering what she could of the hormonal solution with the equipment at hand.
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From page 356... ...
others had outlinect the broact picture of the genetic control system and the developmental sequence from spore to spore. Adclitionally, Haig Papazian, one of John's stuclents, had expancled this work and discoverect several unusual features, including the appearance of rare, new, mating types, presumably as a result of recombination; the existence of hemi-compatible heterokaryons; anc!
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From page 357... ...
These ranged from a near wild-type, nonparental allele capable of initiating a normal (levelopmental pathway, through (legrees of regulatory deficiencies of the pathway, to complete loss of function in which the genes are cleletecl. The latter have no allelic specificity and no capability of initiating sexual clevelopment.
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From page 358... ...
The hemi-compatible heterokaryons took their place along with the dikaryon anct the homokaryon as well-defined developmental states with their own distinctive phenotypes and potentialities for exploitation in research. John initiated the first series of attempts, using immunological as well as electrophoretic techniques, to identify the biochemical products of incompatibility interactions and thereby the physiological mechanisms of tetrapolar sexuality.
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From page 359... ...
energy, gamma rays were 1.75 times more effective than beta rays in producing lethality. Out of this exploratory work came a total of fifteen papers by John anct his coworkers, publishect mostly as chapters in Biolog~cal Effects of External Beta Radiation (National Nuclear Energy Series, Div.
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From page 360... ...
the isolation of large numbers of single spores with no possibility of duality, John designed a small conical cutter Fashioned of stainless steel) that he mounted on a swinging arm attached to a metal collar fitter!
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From page 361... ...
tapes, of which he tract a large ancT varied collection. He enjoyed good food, and he was adept in preparing special dishes that on occasion were served to house guests with obvious joy and pricle.
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From page 362... ...
362 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Jonathan, a clevelopmental neurobiologist anct recipient of an appointment as research scientist at the Max Planck Institut fur Virusforschung in Tubingen, Germany; his claughter Lincia CarIene, a professional quilt artist; and, by a previous marriage, his son William, a high school teacher. THE WRITER WISHES to express his appreciation to his brother John for having deposited with the Academy comments and reminiscences concerning his childhood and early adult life; to his wife, Dr.
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From page 363... ...
USA, 28:509-16. 1947 Effects of total surface beta irradiation.
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From page 364... ...
Comparative lethal effects of external beta irradiation.
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From page 365... ...
Effects of periodic totalsurface beta irradiation.
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From page 366... ...
The genetic structure of the incompatibility factors of Schizophyllum commune: The A-factor.
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Anomalous segregation of incompatibility factors in Schizophyllum commune.
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The genetic structure of the incompatibility factors of Schizophyllum commune: The resolution of class III factors.
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From page 369... ...
Wang. Isozyme patterns and sexual morphogenesis in Schizophyllum.
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From page 370... ...
Incompatibility factors: Regulatory genes for sexual morphogenesis in higher fungi. In: Basic Mechanisms in Plant Morphogenesis, pp.
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