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Pages 560-582

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From page 560... ... PEPTIC ULCERS Cigarette smokers have been found to have an increased risk of peptic ulcer disease, increased rate of relapse after treatment, and increased risk of the complications associated with ulcer development (Kato et al., 1992; Smedley et al., 1988~. A prospective study by Kato et al. Read the entire page →
From page 561... ... Furthermore, about 23% of ulcers recurred in patients who stopped or reduced their smoking during the six-month follow-up, while 75% recurred in those who continued to smoke. SURGICAL WOUND HEALING Cigarette smoking and its adverse effects on wound healing have been well established in animal models and in surgical patients (Mosely et al., 1978~. Read the entire page →
From page 562... ... . The few studies that have evaluated smoking as a risk factor indicate a positive link between cigarette smoking and the development of rheumatoid arthritis (Uhlig et al., 1999~. Read the entire page →
From page 563... ... , he noted that smokers had earlier onset of disease, resistance to treatment, and faster disease progression. Smoking cessation has been found to improve gingival health, and there is evidence of a decrease but not a complete reversal in the severity and prevalence of periodontitis among former smokers. Read the entire page →
From page 564... ... Nicotine, however, has been shown to have beneficial effects on cognition in human and animal studies. Evidence exists to suggest that nicotinic cholinergic receptors are decreased in Alzheimer's patients, and the receptors have been found to increase with chronic exposure to nicotine. Read the entire page →
From page 565... ... ORTHOPEDIC CONSEQUENCES Cigarette smoking has been linked to adverse orthopedic consequences including osteoporosis, hip fracture, and delay in bone healing. A dose-response effect has been reported for the increased risk of hip fracture and decreased bone mineral density (BMD) Read the entire page →
From page 566... ... Age-related macular degeneration induced by free-radical formation and oxidative stress associated with cigarette smoking has also been well supported in the literature. Many studies have found a two- to threefold increase in risk of macular degeneration among smokers (reviewed in Solberg et al., 1998~. Read the entire page →
From page 567... ... Research has consistently established the association of cigarette smoking with a two- to threefold increased risk of microalbuminuria and proteinuria and an increased rate of progression to diabetic nephropathy and ultimately end-stage renal disease in type I and type II diabetics in a dose-responsive manner (reviewed in Orth, 2000; Ritz et al., 2000~. Other studies have found an independent association of smoking with increased risk of developing renal failure in patients with autosomal dependent polycystic kidney disease, lupus nephritis, and glomeruloephritis (Ritz et al., 2000~. Read the entire page →
From page 568... ... Nicotine has also been found to stabilize sensory deficits found in schizophrenia including smooth eye tracking movements and auditory Sating, possibly through decreased expression of the oc-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (Durson and Kutcher, 1999; Leonard et al., 2000~. Furthermore, cigarette smoking has been found to reduce monoamine oxidase activity, which is thought to increase vulnerability to the development of schizophrenia (Fowler et al., 1996; Simpson et al., 1999~. Read the entire page →
From page 569... ... The average weight gain after smoking cessation is 3-4 kg. This weight gain has been found to peak within the first few weeks or months of cessation, and smokers often return to the weight range of nonsmokers. Read the entire page →
From page 570... ... DRUG INTERACTIONS Exposure to cigarette smoke affects the metabolism of many categories of drugs, which may make the action of a certain dose of a drug unpredictable. Certain constituents of tobacco smoke can affect drug action through pharmacokinetic (changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) Read the entire page →
From page 571... ... PARKINSON'S DISEASE Parkinson's disease is a neurological disease affecting 1-2% of the population that is characterized by motor dysfunction and, in severe cases, cognitive dysfunction caused by loss of dopamine and other neurotransmitters through the destruction of neurons in the substantia nigra. Over the last decade there have been many epidemiological studies suggesting a biologically protective effect of cigarette smoking on the risk of Parkinson's disease. Read the entire page →
From page 572... ... The postulated mechanisms for this protective effect of cigarette smoking includes the nicotine-mediated inhibition of fetal thromboxane A, stimulation of NO production, increased levels of thiocyanate, endothelial damage secondary to the oxidative stress effect of cigarette smoke, and altered immune responses (Cnattingius et al., 1997; Conde-Agudelo et al., 1999; reviewed in Lindqvist and Marsal, 1999~. SUMMARY Several important diseases and conditions of adults, in addition to cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and various cancers, have been associated with tobacco use. Read the entire page →
From page 573... ... Applying Selected Conditions as Indicators of Clinical Harm Reduction Some of the conditions reviewed in this chapter may be applied as indicators of the general biological effects of new tobacco products. For example, cigarette smoking has been consistently found to be an independent risk factor for an adverse clinical course of both peptic ulcer disease and wound healing. Read the entire page →
From page 574... ... There is also room for clinical and basic research on intermediate clinical outcomes. For example, as noted in this chapter, the risk of osteoporosis has also been strongly linked to cigarette smoking. Read the entire page →
From page 575... ... 1996. Nicotine gum dose and weight gain after smoking cessation. Read the entire page →
From page 576... ... 1992. Insulin resistance and cigarette smoking. Read the entire page →
From page 577... ... 1991. Cigarette smoking, body mass and other risk factors for fractures of the hip in women. Read the entire page →
From page 578... ... 1998. Early and late weight gain following smoking cessation in the Lung Health Study. Read the entire page →
From page 579... ... 1997. Cigarette smoking and insulin resistance in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Read the entire page →
From page 580... ... 1999. Impact of cigarette smoking on the incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men: the Osaka Health Survey. Read the entire page →
From page 581... ... Appendixes Read the entire page →

From page 560...

... PEPTIC ULCERS Cigarette smokers have been found to have an increased risk of peptic ulcer disease, increased rate of relapse after treatment, and increased risk of the complications associated with ulcer development (Kato et al., 1992; Smedley et al., 1988~. A prospective study by Kato et al.