Clearing the Smoke Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix C: Time Line of Tobacco Events
Appendix C: Time Line of Tobacco Events
Pages 593-606
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From page 593... ...
c Time Line of Tobacco Events Science Products Policies or Regulation 1761 · Dr. John Hill reports in Cautions Against the Immoderate Use of Snuff on two case histories and observed that ("snuff is able to produce swellings and excrescences")
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to guinea pigs, observing epithelial proliferation 1928 · Lombard and Doerring find an association between heavy smoking and buccal cancer 1938 · Pearl, a statistician and biometrician at Johns Hopkins, publishes the first statistical analysis comparing the health of smokers and nonsmokers and finds that individuals who smoked could expect shorter lives 1950 · Epidemiological studies report that lung cancer is particularly prevalent among cigarette smokers APPENDIX C Products 1854-1856 · Cigarette popularity grows between 1854 and 1856 during the Crimean War 1881 · James Bonsack of Virginia patents the first cigarette-making machine. 1913 · Camel brand is produced by R.J.
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and reconstituted sheet tobacco · Tobacco Industry Research Committee is formed 1956 · RJR introduces Salem as its first filter-tipped menthol cigarette Early 1960s · More porous cigarette paper is introduced Policies or Regulation 1954 · Industry faces first liability lawsuit by lung cancer victim claiming negligence and breach of warranty. Suit is dropped 13 years later 1960 · Ban on advertising tar and nicotine levels as less harmful 1960-1966 1964 · Public Health Service establishes the National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health (NCSH)
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From page 596... ...
It also defines evidence of increased incidence of prematurity, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal death · Use of chlorinated pesticides begins to be faded out APPENDIX C Products Late 1960s · Expanded or "puffed" tobacco appears in cigarettes 1968 · National Cancer Institute begins work on a safer cigarette by establishing the Less Hazardous Cigarette Working Group Policies or Regulation · Federal excise tax on smokeless tobacco products is repealed.
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APPENDIX C Science 1971 · Surgeon General's report finds smoking associated with cancers of the oral cavity and esophagus 1972 · Surgeon General's report studies immunological effects of tobacco and tobacco smoke, and identifies carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar as smoke constituents the most likely to produce health hazards from smoking 1973 · Surgeon General's report presents evidence on the health effects of smoking pipes, cigars, and "little 597 Products Policies or Regulation Early 1970s · Ventilated filter tips are used and modified to be 1971 longer with increased · Broadcast ads for efficiency cigarettes banned · Introduction of puffed, expanded, and freeze dried tobaccos cigars" 1975 1975 · Surgeon General's report · RJR introduces NOW issues further evidence with lower-tar and regarding health effects from involuntary (passive) smoking, especially the relationship between parental smoking and rates of bronchitis and pneumonia in children's first year of life 1977-1978 · Surgeon General's report focuses on health effects of smoking on women, noting in particular the effects of oral contraceptives and smoking on the cardiovascular system 1972 · Officials declare that airlines must create nonsmoking sections nicotine while preserving tobacco taste
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From page 598... ...
Report also notes prevalence of smoking by adolescent females 1981 APPENDIX C Products Surgeon General's report examines the health consequences of lowertar and nicotine cigarettes. Concludes that lower-yield cigarettes decrease the risk of lung cancer, but have little effect on rates of cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fetal damage.
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From page 599... ...
Report notes possible low-cost smoking cessation interventions 1983 · Surgeon General's report evaluates health consequences of smoking for cardiovascular disease, declaring cigarette smoking as one of the three primary causes of coronary heart disease 1984 1984 · Surgeon General's report · Nicotine-based chewing examines health effects gum approved as an aid of smoking on chronic to quitting obstructive lung disease (COLD)
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assumes cigarette-testing responsibilities from the Federal Trade Commission Test Center using its approved methodology Late 1980s · RJR Premier is developed and introduced to the public Policies or Regulation 1988 · Government bans smoking on short domestic airline flights
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. companies swear in congressional testimony that nicotine is not an addictive and deny manipulating nicotine levels in cigarettes Amtrak bans smoking on short-and mediumdistance trips Brown and Williamson documents provide evidence that tobacco executives discovered smoking risks before the surgeon general made declaration Mississippi files first of 24 state lawsuits seeking to recoup millions from tobacco companies for smokers' Medicaid bills
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From page 602... ...
602 Science APPENDIX C Products 1996 · RJR Eclipse test marketed in United States, Germany, and Sweden Policies or Regulation 1996 · Liggett Group settles claims with five state attorneys-general and promises to help them against other companies 1997 · Federal judges rules that government can regulate tobacco as a drug, but industry is allowed to continue advertising · Landmark settlement, subject to congressional approval, calls for restrictions on cigarettes and on tobacco maker's liability in lawsuits. Industry is required to spend $368 billion over 25 years, run antismoking campaigns, issue bold health warnings on packs, decrease advertising, and pay fines if youth smoking doesn't drop significantly · Mississippi is first state to settle, agreeing to $3.6 billion deal with tobacco companies · Florida settles at $11.3 billion
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Tobacco use and patterns of use vary among these groups as well Policies or Regulation 1998 · Phillip Morris Accord presented at a poster presentation at the Society of Toxicology in Seattle 1999 · Star Tobacco introduces new cigarettes with lownitrosamine tobacco and activated-charcoal filter, but is unable to make health claims 1998 Texas settles with industry at $15.3 billion over 25 years Tobacco executives testify before Congress that nicotine is addictive under current definitions of the word and smoking may cause cancer Minnesota and Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Minnesota settle at $6.6 billion with the tobacco industry Senate vetoes a proposal of $1.50 tax increase per pack on cigarettes McCain Universal Tobacco Settlement Bill dies in congressional filibuster. Bill addressed tobacco product regulation of ingredients, sales, and advertising.
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From page 604... ...
604 Science 2000 · National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences publishes ninth report on Carcinogens including ETS as one of the known human carcinogens · Surgeon General's Report, Reducing Tobacco Use, published APPENDIX C Products 2000 · Phillip Morris introduces cigarettes with "safer" paper · Star Tobacco new cigarettes produced in Virginia and Kentucky with low-nitrosamine tobacco, but without health claims Policies or Regulation · Government and tobacco industry lawyers present oral argument to the Supreme Court over whether the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) can regulate tobacco as a drug and crack down on cigarette sales to minors 2000 · Tobacco farmers sue cigarette makers for $69 billion, claiming they conspired to undo the federal system that regulates tobacco prices · Supreme Court rules, 5-4, that FDA lacks authority to regulate tobacco as an addictive drug · New York state imposes fire-safety standards on cigarettes
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1996. The FTC Cigarette Test Method for Determining Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Yields of U.S.
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