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From page 273... ... , 45 drug development, FDA process, 155 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 83 Antigens, see Carcinoembryonic antigens Applied Research Program, 191 Army Breast Cancer Research and Materiel Command, 70 Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 142-143 Aspiration, see Fine-needle aspiration biopsies; Nipple aspiration Read the entire page →
From page 274... ... , 86, 176-177, 188 BRCA, see Breast cancer-associated tumor suppressor gene Breast and Cervical Cancer Mortality Prevention Act, 211 Breast and Cervical Treatment Act, 14, 236 Breast cancer-associated tumor suppressor gene (BRCA) , 6, 44, 4546, 108, 110-114, 224, 227, 238 Breast Cancer Fund, 23 Breast Cancer Progress Review Group, 130 Breast Cancer Research Foundation, 23 Breast Cancer Research Program, 142-143, 144-145 Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium, 13, 14, 191-192, 229-230, 235, 236 Breast-conserving therapy digital mammography, FDA approval, 160 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Read the entire page →
From page 275... ... , 222 see also Clinical outcome ataxia telangiectasia, 45 breast self-examination, 29 Cancer Genome Anatomy Project, 107 cost of, 9, 12, 146, 159, 235 defined, 238-239 digital mammography, 3, 70-71, 72, 136, 158, 159 electrical potential measurements, 94 electronic palpation, 97 FDA criteria/approval process, 12, 13, 151, 153, 154, 155, 161, 164, 166, 171, 234, 235 funding, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 136, 138, 142, 177 genetic testing, 112-113, 114 life expectancy, 26, 27, 40 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 5, 61, 82, 83, 84, 218, 225 mortality measures, 14, 19, 26, 34, 43, 154, 222-223, 228, 235 NCI sponsorship, 13, 14, 181, 190-192, 200, 229-230, 234, 235, 236 nipple aspiration fluid, 127 prevention trials, 54(n.12) Read the entire page →
From page 276... ... , 4, 57, 73, 86, 150, 195, 224, 239, 244-245 virtual reality, 97, 102, 247 workstations and displays, 21, 56, 68-69 Computer applications, other, 12, 17 see also Databases; Internet bioinformatics, 5, 11, 131, 141, 233, 238 cost-effectiveness analysis models, 187, 224-225 high-throughput technology, 5, 11, 105, 110,118,119,122,124,130,131, 141, 227, 233, 241 pattern recognition, 56 RNA changes, 108, 121 telemammography, 71, 246 texture analysis, 56 virtual reality, 97, 102, 247 workstations and displays, 21, 56, 68-69 Confidentiality, see Privacy and confidentiality Consent, see Informed consent Contrast agents, 59, 60, 61, 78, 81-82, 83, 91, 103, 161 defined, 239, 241-242 Cooperative Trials in Diagnostic Imaging, 21 Core-needle biopsies, 37-38, 129, 195, 239 Cost and cost-effectiveness factors, 133-134, 167, 185-188, 189, 190, 191, 196, 199, 218, 220, 230, 235 see also Funding; Health insurance Advanced Technology Program, 144, 145 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 174 INDEX clinical trials, 9, 12, 146, 159, 235 computer-aided detection, 74 computer models of, 187, 224-225 core-needle biopsies, 187 defined, 239 digital mammography, 59, 69, 159, 160, 186-187, 225 elderly women, 40-41 FDA approval, 10, 159, 160, 164 fine-needle aspiration, 187 genetic testing, 114 Hall effect imaging, 101 Health Care Financing Administration, 172, 194, 230 historical perspectives, 167 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 44, 82, 86, 101, 187 Medicare/Medicaid reimbursement and, 13-14, 170, 172 mammography, 10, 14, 36, 40-41, 103, 186, 193-194, 211-213, 219, 227, 231, 235-236 new technologies, general, 10, 17, 19, 146, 149, 185-188, 227, 231 venture capital, 146-148, 149, 164 optical imaging, 90 positron emission tomography, 88 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) Read the entire page →
From page 277... ... , 4648, 5152, 121, 125, 183, 226, 240 Dynamic area telethermometry, 93 E Early Clinical Advanced Technology Program, 21 Early Detection Research Network, 20 Economic factors, 8, 147, 167, 219, 228 see also Cost and cost-effectiveness factors; Funding; Socioeconomic status Education, see Patient education and outreach; Professional education Educational attainment, 206, 207, 208 Effectiveness, 1, 5, 17, 19, 26, 52, 131, 178, 184 see also Cost and cost-effectiveness factors; Sensitivity; Specificity age factors, 4041, 44 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 175 computer-aided detection, 163 defined, 178, 240 diagnostic delays, 40 early detection, 48, 50 FDA approval process, 12, 13, 34, 65, 113, 151-155 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 278... ... , 83, 84-85 magnetomammography, 101 microwave imaging, 100 National Cancer Institute (NCI) , 13, 190-192, 235 NIH Office of Medical Applications of Research, 175 older women, 4041 private insurers, 177 scintimammography, 87 specimen banks, 130 Efficacy, 26,154,178,182, 218 see also Sensitivity; Specificity chemotherapy, 87 clinical trials, 155 counseling regarding, 113 defined, 178, 240 FDA approval process, 13, 17-18, 155, 157, 159, 189 National Cancer Institute, 13, 235 older women, 40 scintimammography, 102 Elastic scattering spectroscopy, 89-90 Elastography, 4, 57, 78-79, 240 Elderly persons, 220, 223, 230, 231, 236 see also Medicare clinical data on mammography, 2, 14, 4041, 52, 201 clinical practice guidelines, 210 Medicare, 13-14,169-174,190, 193-195, 199, 210, 215, 232, 235-236, 243 patient education and outreach, 202, 203, 204, 205-206, 208-209 risk assessment, 113, 231 state screening mandates, 175 Electrical impedance tomography system, 64-65, 95-96 defined, 240 FDA approval, 4, 57, 65, 224 TransScan electrical impedance imaging, 64, 96,161-162 Electrical potential measurements, 57, 6263, 93-95, 240 Electronic palpation, 33, 57, 64-65, 96-98 defined, 240 FDA approval, 4, 57, 63, 94, 97, 98 Emotional factors, see Psychological/ emotional factors Ensuring Quality Cancer Care, 206 INDEX Epidemiology, 106, 107 see also Incidence and prevalence; Mortality Cancer Genome Anatomy Project, 107 defined, 240 FDA criteria, 12, 234 Epigenetic factors, 6,117,118-119, 131, 240 Epithelial cells, 93,121,123,125,128, 240 Estrogen, 43, 122, 128, 218 Etiology, 5, 11,106,131, 191, 225, 233 see also Biomarkers; Cellular processes general; Genetic factors; Molecular biology European Economic Area, 94-95 Evidence-based practice centers (EPCs) Read the entire page →
From page 279... ... , 151, 166, 170, 171 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 4, 5, 79, 159, 224 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 4, 57 Medicare coverage/reimbursement, 170 premarket approval, 94, 96, 97, 151, 152, 157,159,160,163,164,171 premarket notification, 151, 153 mammography facility inspections, 34, 36 optical spectroscopy, 4, 57, 89, 91 pad to assist self-examination, 33 scintimammography, 4, 57, 61, 85, 87, 224 279 thermoacoustic computed tomography, 4,57,224 thermography, 4, 63, 92, 93, 150 ultrasound, 4, 224 Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act, 152 Foreign countries, see International perspectives; specific countries Friends...You Can Count On, 24 Full-field digital mammography, see Digital mammography Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 83 Funding, 133, 137-146, 163-164, 211, 228 see also Cost and cost-effectiveness factors biomarkers, general, 20, 21, 23, 24, 132, 233 cellular biology research, general, 20, 24, 132, 138 clinical trials, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 136, 138, 142, 177 computer-aided detection, 21, 56, 134 Department of Defense, 142-143, 144145 digital mammography, 23, 134 genetic testing/treatment, 23, 116, 142, 146, 233 imaging, general, 21-22, 136, 141, 146, 148-149, 165, 230 professional education, 14, 236 research, general, 17, 20-24, 135, 233 specimen banks, 11-12, 130, 131, 233-234 technology development process, general, 8, 11 venture capital, 146-147, 149, 164 World Health Organization, 177 G Gadolinium agents, 83 Gamma camera, 61, 87, 101, 102, 241 Gel electrophoresis, 7, 124, 241 General Accounting Office Genetic factors, 6, 11, 17, 105-124, 142, 192, 227 see also Biomarkers; DNA; Family factors; Mutation; Race/ ethnicity; RNA bioinformatics, 131 breast cancer-associated tumor suppressor gene (BRCA) Read the entire page →
From page 280... ... , 177, 192-196, 199, 211-212, 215(n.5) , 219, 222, 227, 231, 232, 235-236 state mandates, 175, 232 technology development/assessment process, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 153, 165, 166, 176-177, 227, 234, 235 Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York, 33, 153 Health Insurance Portability Act, 112 Health Resources and Services Administration, 14, 236 Healthy People 2010, 14, 208, 236 HER-2 gene amplification, 51 Heterozygosity ataxia telangiectasia, 45 defined, 241 loss of, 117, 118, 243 High-throughput technology, 5, 11, 105, 110,118,119,122,124,130,131, 141, 227, 233 defined, 241 Historic perspectives, 15-17, 18, 51, 167-168, 197, 223-224, 228 cost of health care, 167 Department of Defense funding, 142143, 144-145 digital mammography, 156-161 FDA approval process, 156-163, 164165, 167-168 imaging products, shipments, 150 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Read the entire page →
From page 281... ... Income, see Socioeconomic status India, 33 Industry Forum & Workshop on Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, 24 Information dissemination, see Databases; Internet; Professional education Information Storage, Curation, Analysis, and Retrieval program, 141 Informed consent, 11, 13, 113, 129-130 Infrared thermography, 62-63, 91-93 Institutional review boards, 151(n.19) Insulin-like growth factor type 1, 128-129 281 Insurance see also Health insurance; Managed care; Medicaid; Medicare malpractice, 215 Intellectual property, 12, 113, 114, 130-131, 134, 245 Interdisciplinary approaches, see Multidisciplinary approaches International perspectives see also specific countries breast self-examination, 29 clinical breast examination, 33 electrical potential measurements, 94-95 electronic palpation, 98 genetic testing, 113-114 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Read the entire page →
From page 282... ... recurrent cancers, 60, 82 sensitivity, 81, 82, 91 specificity, 78-79, 81, 91 standards, 82, 219 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) , 56, 57, 60-61, 84-85 defined, 243 FDA approval, 4, 57 NCI initiatives, 61, 82 Magnetomammography, 57, 64-65, 101-102 Males, see Men Malpractice, 40, 193, 215-217, 220 Mammography, 29, 33-53, 56, 102-103, 136, 143, 150, 158, 181, 192, 193, 195, 202-223, 225, 229-232 see also Contrast agents; Digital mammography; Film-screen mammography; Patient education and outreach adoption and dissemination, 9 age factors, 2, 14 benign tumors, 2, 36, 55 computer-aided detection and, 163 cost of, 10, 14, 36, 40-41, 103, 186, 193194, 211-213, 219, 227, 231, 235236 defined, 239, 243, 246 disabled persons, 19, 182, 205-206, 216217 electrical impedance and, 96 electronic palpation and, 97 expenditures on, 149 false negatives, 2, 40, 50, 53, 71, 75, 156, 163, 183-184, 223, 240 false positives, 2, 38-39, 53, 70-71, 74, 156, 183-184, 240 film-screen mammography full-field digital mammography historical perspectives, 10, 15-17, 200204, 217, 219 Internet, 135(n.1) Read the entire page →
From page 283... ... , 61, 104, 117-118, 122, 123, 125, 137, 142, 209, 225, 226 defined, 243 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 82 Methylation, 6, 119, 243 MIBI see Scintimammography; Technetium-99m sestamibi Microwave imaging, 23, 56, 57, 64-65, 99100 Mitochondrial DNA, 127 Molecular biology, 11, 105-106, 137, 226227, 244 see also Biomarkers; Genetic factors; Immunohistochemistry; Proteins carcinoembryonic antigens, 123, 127128, 181 funding for research, 20, 21, 137, 142 Mortality, 1-2, 5, 9, 13, 18, 51, 103, 131, 151, 204, 210, 223, 229 see also Life expectancy breast self-examination and, 29(n.4) Read the entire page →
From page 284... ... , 106-107, 131, 136 clinical trials, 13, 14, 181, 190-192, 200, 229-230, 234, 235, 236 computer-aided detection, 56, 134 confidentiality, 130 databases, 141, 191-192 effectiveness /efficacy surveillance, 13, 190-192, 235 Federal Multi-Agency Consortium to Improve Women's Health, 135, 136 funding for research, various programs, 20, 21, 24, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136142, 228 magnetic resonance imaging, 61, 82 novel imaging technologies, 134, 165 screening mammography, general, 34, 202 specimen banks, 130, 131 National Center for Health Care Technology, 169 National Electrical Manufacturers' Association, 135, 150 National Health Care Financing Administration, 135 National Health Planning and Resources Development Act, 169 National Human Genome Research Institute, 112 National Institute of Standards and Technology, 143-146 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Read the entire page →
From page 285... ... , 173-174, 209 Privacy and confidentiality, 11, 112, 129130, 227, 233 Private sector, 8, 17, 116, 133-134, 146-149, 163-164, 172, 176-177, 189, 228 see also Health insurance; Intellectual property; Regulatory issues Advanced Technology Program, 143146 biotechnology, 17, 149 foundation programs, funding, 23-24 specimen banks, 130-131 venture capital, 146-148, 149, 164 Pro* Duct catheter, 161 Professional education, 9-10, 190, 199, 211, 213-215, 220, 236 see also Specimen banks funding, 14, 236 Prognosis, 104 see also Life expectancy databases, 191, 192 defined, 245 DNA arrays, 121 fluorescent in situ hybridization, 118 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Read the entire page →
From page 286... ... , 60, 82 Regulatory issues, 8-9, 10, 53, 133, 135, 151, 164, 222, 225, 227 see also Food and Drug Administration; Legislation; Standards electrical potential measurements, Europe, 94-95 labeling, 152, 161, 165 INDEX Reverse transcription, 108, 119, 246 Riboflavin carrier protein, 128 Risk assessment, 28, 49, 54, 107, 217-219, 226, 227, 232 see also Age factors; Family factors; Race/ethnicity biomarkers, 132 clinical practice guidelines, 217-219 cost-effectiveness, 28-29 definitions, 28, 237, 245, 246 elderly persons, 113, 231 FDA approval and, 151 germ-line mutations, 107-116 radiation sensitivity, 44-46 scintimammography, 86 thermography, 91 Risk reduction, 5 RNA, 108, 119, 121-122, 244 mRNA, 119, 121-122, 243 Russia, 29 S Scintimammography, 56, 57, 60-61, 85-87, 101-102 defined, 246 FDA approval, 4, 57, 61, 85, 87, 224 sensitivity, 86, 101-102 specificity, 85, 86 Self-examination (BSE) , 33-34 defined, 238 education and outreach, 200 intervals, 1, 29, 202, 203, 204 pad to assist, FDA approved, 33 Sensitivity, 182, 183-184, 197, 229, 231, 242 biomarkers, 109 cost of technology and, 168 digital mammography, 70, 136, 230 electrical impedance measurements, 162 electrical potential measurements, 94 false negatives, 2, 40, 50, 53, 71, 75, 112, 156, 163, 183-184, 223, 240 false positives, 2, 38-39, 53, 70-71, 74, 156, 183-184, 240 FDA approval process, 154, 161, 162, 165, 234 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Read the entire page →
From page 287... ... , 7879,81,91 mammography, general, 9, 12, 25, 38-39, 53, 136 optical imaging, 88, 91 positron emission tomography, 88 Pro* Duct catheter, 161 scintimammography, 85, 86 ultrasound, 77, 78-79 Specimen banks, 5, 11-12, 13, 106-107, 130131 defined, 246 funding, 11, 130, 131, 132, 233-234 Spectroscopy, 7, 142, 182, 183-184, 197, 231 see also Elastic scattering spectroscopy; Electrical impedance tomography system; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Optical spectroscopy Standards, 33, 178-184, 190, 197 see also Clinical practice guidelines; Cost and cost-effectiveness factors; Effectiveness; Efficacy; Food and Drug Administration; Regulatory issues; Sensitivity; Specificity 287 biomarkers, 107, 130 clinical trials, general, 19, 26, 151, 178, 181-184 data, 107, 192 electronic palpation, 97 genetic information, use of, 112, 227, 233 ideal screening tool, 232-233 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Read the entire page →
From page 288... ... and, 82 sensitivity, 82 specificity, 77, 78-79 thermoacoustic computed tomography, 4, 57, 64-65, 98-99, 224 Unconventional Innovations Program, 29, 139, 141, 142 United Kingdom, 188 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 82 V Vacuum-assisted biopsies, 38 Venture capital, 146-148, 149, 164 Virtual reality, 97, 102, 247 W Whitaker Foundation, 23 Workshop on Sensors for Bio-Molecular Signatures, 24 Workstations and displays, 21, 56, 68-69 World Health Organization, 177 clinical trial guidelines, 19, 26 Read the entire page →

From page 273...

... , 45 drug development, FDA process, 155 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 83 Antigens, see Carcinoembryonic antigens Applied Research Program, 191 Army Breast Cancer Research and Materiel Command, 70 Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 142-143 Aspiration, see Fine-needle aspiration biopsies; Nipple aspiration

Index Pages 273-288

Index
Pages 273-288