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Complex Mixtures Methods for In Vivo Toxicity Testing (1988) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D: Predicting the Joint Risk of a Misture in Terms of the Component Risks
Pages 179-184

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From page 179...
... Specifically, we examine a variety of generalized additive models for the joint risk associated with the mixture and express the risk for each model in terms of the risks associated with the individual components.
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From page 180...
... First, the results given below are preliminary and are intended mainly to illustrate the idea; full development and evaluation of the approach would require additional research, which, although perhaps not extensive, is nevertheless lacking. Second, the approach is not intended to be able to identify the tree risk associated with a mixture at low doses that is unverifiable.
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From page 181...
... We use the data to illustrate the multiplicative and logistic models. For example, Reif examined the risk of lung cancer as a function of smoking status and uranium exposure (see Table D-21.
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From page 182...
... However, on the basis of Reif's data (which reflect relatively high exposures) , the excess risks associated with mixtures are consistently higher than the sums of the individual excess risks.
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From page 184...
... SUMMARY Generalized additive models are discussed more specifically in the context of a situation in which risk estimates associated with individual components of a mixture are available. Here, one goal is to be able to express the risk associated with the mixture in terms of the component risks, so that, for a given model, the former can be estimated in terms of the latter.
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Key Terms

  • component risks
  • risk associated
  • multistage model
  • individual components
  • plausible range

  • additive models
  • excess risks
  • generalized additive
  • individual excess
  • relative risks

  • risk estimates
  • low doses
  • multiplicative model
  • multistage models
  • summary generalized

  • individual chemicals
  • actual risks
  • estimates associated
  • specific model
  • joint risks

  • estimates based
  • sensitivity analysis
  • various epidemiologic
  • illustrative examples
  • considerable uncertainty

  • risk estimate
  • available toxicity
  • components affect
  • component relative
  • combined risk


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