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Complex Mixtures Methods for In Vivo Toxicity Testing (1988) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix F: Developmental Toxicology
Pages 202-208

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From page 202...
... As a step in assessing these risks, animal bioassays are performed at increasing doses of the chemicals to be studied. The end points of interest in the bioassays are fetal death, failure to grow, structural and functional abnormalities, and behavioral deficiencies.
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From page 203...
... , test whether a particular dose group differs from the controls in defect rate (Hoer, 1974) , and test whether the mean defect rate increases with dose by using Jonckheere's nonparametric trend test (see Lehman, 1975, p.
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From page 204...
... (F-2) where Pin is the proportion of dead, resorbed, or defective fetuses in the offspring of the JO female exposed to dose di.
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From page 205...
... ~ ~ R.u'.. ~ n ~ - Up \tA.N rlPn~t~c, ~ hackling ~ - fort Ate Or l lJ ~ · · · r~K~K} — an- · - __ ~~~ _ -- _ ~ v_ -- _ ~~_~ $~— ~$ proportion at dose di, and the exponential term represents the modification of that baseline rate due to the particular covariates or mitigating factors Wvj' v = 1, .
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From page 206...
... = 1—e(-K~i) The statistical trend test derived from this model is based on empirical Bayesian statistical procedures applied to the unknown distribution Gi and tests whether the regression function increases with dose.
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From page 207...
... SUMMARY Developmental-toxicity end points present an opportunity for assessing He joint actions of chemicals. In the usual laboratory expenment, each exposed female provides several offspnng, so both litter size and incidence of abnormalities within litters provide an index of toxicity.
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From page 208...
... 1985a. Consequences of nonlinear kinetic dose-response models on carcinogenic risk assessment, pp.
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Key Terms

  • litter size
  • trend test
  • toxicological experiments
  • developmental toxicity
  • developmental toxicants

  • regression function
  • unknown distribution
  • linear extrapolation
  • experiments involving
  • spring harbor

  • cold spring
  • statistical association
  • defect rate
  • empirical bayesian
  • economical testing

  • nonlinear kinetics
  • statistical procedures
  • carcinogenesis holds
  • nonlinear kinetic
  • observable quantal

  • developmental effects
  • response rate
  • toxicology data
  • female exposed
  • specified regression

  • previously try
  • fort ate
  • follow equation
  • times linear
  • harbor laboratory


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