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From page 221... ... See Particulate matter in air Air pollution, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter in, 31, 133-137 Alcohol intake, smoking with, and oral cancer, 6, 20, 32-33, 148-151 Aliphatic compounds, 79 Ambient exposure, variability in, 23 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 72 Ames assay, for mutagen content of tobacco smoke, 170-171 221 Analysis of mixtures, 78-89 requirements for, 80-81 separation methods for, 81, 82-87 spectroscopy and spectrometry in, 87-89 Animal studies, 6, 25-30 alcohol intake and cigarette smoking, 32-33 analysis of inhalation experiment, 211-215 asbestos exposure and smoking, 32, 144 chlorination byproducts in water, 33 coal-mine dust, 34, 160-161 coke-oven emissions, 33-34, 156- 157 complexity of agents affecting, 27-28 developmental toxicology, 202-207 fractional factorial design in, 57-58 hydrocarbon toxicity, 45 lead exposure, 31-32 limitations of, 28-30 in long-term exposures, 27 nonconcurrence with human experience, 30-34 radon daughters and cigarette smoke, 32, 141 screening for necrologic disorders, 45 in short-term exposures, 26-27 sulfur dioxide exposure, 27-28, 29, 31, 134-136 toxicokinetics in, 30 Antagonism, and interactions of components, 7, 83 Aquatic test systems, 56 Aqueous samples, collection of, 73-74 Read the entire page →
From page 222... ... pyrene, 13 fish sensitivity to, 56 identification of, 28-29 initiation-promotion studies of, 117 INDEX and protective effect of micronutrients, 20 screening studies for, 44 cigarette-smoke toxicity, 168- 171 fire atmospheres, 172- 175 hexacarbonneuropathy, 176-178 Chemical characterization of mixtures, 66, 79 search for causative agents, 51-52 Chemotherapy for cancer, maximal tolerable doses in, 26 Chlorinated dibenzofurans, differential uptake of, 15 Chlorination byproducts in water, 151-155 evaluation of risks from, 33 long-term exposure to, 19 Chloroform, interaction with chlordecone, 54-55 Chromatography, 82, 84-87 column, 84 gas, 88, 89 gel-permeation, 85 high-performance, liquid, 85, 86 high-resolution techniques in, 85-86 supercritical-fluid, 87 thin-layer, 85 Cigarette smoking. See Smoking Classification of complex mixtures, 65-66 chemical, 66, 79 Cluster sampling, 69 Coal gasification, hazardous materials in, 128- 129 Coal-mine dust constituents in, 129- 130 toxic effects of, 34, 157-161 Coal tar exposure in animals, 33, 156 materials in, 127 Coke-oven emissions, 155-157 animal studies, 33-34 control of, 19 and lung cancer risk, 13 relative potency tests of, 47 Collection of samples, procedures in, 72-76 for aqueous materials, 73-74 for gases and aerosols, 72-73 for nonaqueous liquids, 74-75 for solids and sediments, 75-76 Combustion products, 127 129 Comparative-potency studies, 46-49, 106-108 Cox proportional hazards model, 210 Read the entire page →
From page 223... ... chemical search for components in, 52 Read the entire page →
From page 224... ... pyrene, 13 and radon exposure in smokers, 20, 29-30, 32, 140-143 risk assessment with comparative-potency method, 47 smoking associated with, 13, 32 in uranium miners, 142-143 deposition of airborne particles in, 16-18 disease from coal dust, 34, 157-161 M Mathematical models, 102- 105 in comparative-potency testing, 47 for estimation of exposure, 24-25 Matrix testing, 45-46 Meteorologic considerations in sampling, 67 Micronutrients, protective effects of, 20 Miners coal dust exposure in, 34, 157-161 radon exposure and smoking in, 32, 142- 143 Model-driven strategies, 53-56 Models in toxicology, 100- 101 animal. See Animal studies cancer, 185-201 dose-extrapolation, 105-106 dose-response, 102-105 empirical, 121, 209-219 requirements for, 55-56 mathematical, 24-25, 47, 102-105 multistage, 180 for cancer risk, 186-201 for two materiels, 104 pharmacokinetic, 108-110, 121-122 quasibiologic, 217-219 Mortality data from surveys of occupations and industries, 21 Multiple exposures, interactive effects of, 20-22 Multistage models, 180 for cancer risk, 186-201 for two materiels, 104 Read the entire page →
From page 225... ... INDEX Multistage sampling, 69 Mutagens in tobacco smoke, 170-171 N National Cancer Institute, 44 National Research Council, 19, 20, 23, 28, 29 Neuropathy, hexacarbon, 44-45, 176- 178 Newark soil samples, 14- 15 Nitrogen dioxide asindicatorofexposure, 14 toxic effects of, 27 Nitroparaffins, chemical search for components in, 52 Nitrosamines, in tobacco smoke, 170 Nutrition and ingestion exposures from food, 23 and lead exposure, 137-140 and protective effects of micronutrients, 20 o Oil shale, constituents in, 128, 130 Oral cancer risk, alcohol intake and smoking in, 6, 20, 32-33, 148-151 Organometallic compounds, 79 Origins of complex mixtures, 127-131 Ozone and clearance rates for particles in respiratory tract, 18 as indicator of exposure, 14 p Pairing of data bases, 51 Particulate matter in air active agents in, 134 collection procedures for, 72-73 and estimation of effective dose, 16- 18 as indicator of exposure, 14 and sulfur dioxide, 31, 133- 137 temperature affecting, 67 Petroleum fractions, biologic activity of, 128 Pharmacokinetic models, 108- 110, 121 - 122 Physical characteristics of mixtures, 66 Pneumoconiosis, coal-workers, 34, 157- 158 Polychlorinated biphenyls bioactivity of, 50 in liquid or semisolid media, and bioavailability, 15-16 soil binding of, 15 225 Polyurethane foam, thermal degradation products of, 51, 129, 173 Population groups, complexity of, 20 Potency of compounds, comparative studies of, 46-49, 106-108 Predictions and approach in testing mixtures, 39-40, 41-42 and comparative potencies of similar substances, 106-107 and designs for low-dose extrapolation 115-117 in interaction studies, 58-59 in low-dose exposure, 198-200 and nonconcurrence between human and animal responses, 30-34 and risks associated with individual components, 180- 182 strategies related to, 53-56 unexpected results in, 109 and value of animal studies, 25-30 Pregnancy, and developmental toxicology, 202-207 Probability sampling, 68-69 Q Quality assurance, and sample integrity, 24, 78 Quasibiologic models, 217-219 Questions in testing related to causative agents, 41 related to effects, 40-41 related to predictability, 39-40, 41-42 related to strategies, 58-59 R Radiation exposure and skin cancer in smokers, 143 variations in, 19 Radon exposure, interaction with cigarette smoke, 20, 29-30, 32, 140-143 Random sampling, 68-71 Recommendations for research, 119-123 Respiratory tract, deposition of airborne particles in, 16- 18 Response-surface designs, 113- 115 Roofers, exposure to benzo(a) pyrene in, 13 Roofing tar, relative potency tests of, 47 Rubber industry, cancer risk in, 22 Read the entire page →
From page 226... ... 226 S Sampling, 66-78 cluster, 69 collection procedure in 72-76 9 collection strategy in, 66-71 for close estimation, 12 grid patterns, 71 meteorologic considerations in, 67 multistage, 69 and preparation of materials for assay, 77-78 probability, 68-69 quality assurance in, 24, 78 random, 68-71 and routes of exposure, 66-67 spatial considerations in, 68-71 and storage of samples, 76-77 stratified, 69 systematic, 69-71 temporal factors in, 67-68 Screening studies, 44-45 and designs for low-dose extrapolation, 118-119 Seasonal considerations in sampling, 67 Sediments, collection of samples from, 75-76 Separation of mixture constituents, 81, 82-87 chromatography in, 82, 84-87 liquid-liquid partitioning in, 81, 82, 83-84 Short-term exposures, 18 animal studies, 26-27 Silica dust, and clearance rates for particles in respiratory tract, 18 Simplex-centroid design, in surface analysis, 114 Simplex-lattice design, in surface analysis, 114 Skin absorption of materials in repetitive exposures, 23 cancer of, and effects of smoking and radiation, 143 Smoking alcohol intake with, and oral cancer, 6, 20, 32-33, 148-151 animal studies of, 27 and asbestos exposure, 20, 29-30, 32, 143- 148 and benzo(a) pyrene exposure, 13 and biologically active compounds in smoke, 28, 129, 170 INDEX case study of, 168-171 and clearance rates for particles in respiratory tract, 18 and exposure to toxic ingredients, 19 fractionation of smoke condensate, 49 and radon exposure, 20, 29-30, 32, 140- 143 relative potency tests of, 47 and skin cancer from radiation, 143 Soil samples collection of, 75 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in, 14-15 Solid materials, collection of samples in, 75-76 Solvents for elusion of substances from water, 74 for extraction of materials from samples, 75, 82 in preparation of materials for assay, 77 Soots, comparative-potency studies of, 47 Spatial considerations in sampling, 68-71 Spectroscopy and spectrometry, 87-89 Statistical methods in developmental toxicology, 202-204 in quantitation of exposure, 24-25 Storage of collected samples, 76-77 Stratified random sampling, 69 Sulfur dioxide in animal studies, 27-28, 29, 31, 134-136 as indicator of exposure, 14 and particulate matter in air, 31, 133-137 Sulfuric acid, and clearance rates for particles in respiratory tract, 18 Surface analysis, designs used in, 114 Surveys of occupations and industries, mortality data in, 21 Synergism, 7 in cancer model, 183- 192 Systematic sampling, 69-71 T Temporal considerations in sampling, 67-68 Teratologic effects of chemical mixtures, 202-207 Testing aquatic systems in, 56 battery approach in, 46 bioassay-directed fractionation in, 49-51 bioassay identification in, 53 Read the entire page →
From page 227... ... INDEX chemical search in, 51-52 choice of end points in, 41, lot in developmental toxicology, 206-207 comparative-potency approach in, 46-49 complexity of mixture affecting, 57-58 driving forces in, 58 effect search in, 52-53 empirical models in, 55-56 fractional factorial design in, 57-58, 107-108, 119 global approach in, 107-108 interaction studies in, 54-55 matrix, 45-46 mechanistic studies in, 55 pairing of data bases in, 51 recommendations for, 122- 123 screening studies in, 44-45 strategies in, 42-56 formulation of, 59 integration of, 56-60 related to causative agents, 49-53 related to effects, 42-49 related to predictability and models, 53-56 related to questions and problems, 58-59 structuring of questions in, 40-42 summing of component toxicities in, 53-55 tier, 43 44 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in soil samples, 14-15 Tier testing programs, 43 44 Time course in sampling, importance of, 67 Times Beach soil samples, 14-15 227 Tobacco smoke. See Smoking Toxicokinetics, interspecies variations in, 30 Trend test, in developmental toxicology, 206 Trihalomethanes, in water, 33, 151-155 U United States Environmental Protection Agency, 14, 17, 72, 76 Uranium miners, and lung cancer in smokers, 142 V Vegetable materials, pyrolysis products of, 129 Vinyl chloride effects in animals, 29 thermal degradation products of, 129 in tobacco smoke, 170 W Wastes, hazardous, 130 Water activated-carbon filtration of, 19 chlorination byproducts in, 151 - 155 evaluation of risks from, 33 long-term exposure to, 19 collection of samples, 73-74 extraction from samples, 74, 75 hazardous chemicals in, 130-131 Read the entire page →

From page 221...

... See Particulate matter in air Air pollution, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter in, 31, 133-137 Alcohol intake, smoking with, and oral cancer, 6, 20, 32-33, 148-151 Aliphatic compounds, 79 Ambient exposure, variability in, 23 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 72 Ames assay, for mutagen content of tobacco smoke, 170-171 221 Analysis of mixtures, 78-89 requirements for, 80-81 separation methods for, 81, 82-87 spectroscopy and spectrometry in, 87-89 Animal studies, 6, 25-30 alcohol intake and cigarette smoking, 32-33 analysis of inhalation experiment, 211-215 asbestos exposure and smoking, 32, 144 chlorination byproducts in water, 33 coal-mine dust, 34, 160-161 coke-oven emissions, 33-34, 156- 157 complexity of agents affecting, 27-28 developmental toxicology, 202-207 fractional factorial design in, 57-58 hydrocarbon toxicity, 45 lead exposure, 31-32 limitations of, 28-30 in long-term exposures, 27 nonconcurrence with human experience, 30-34 radon daughters and cigarette smoke, 32, 141 screening for necrologic disorders, 45 in short-term exposures, 26-27 sulfur dioxide exposure, 27-28, 29, 31, 134-136 toxicokinetics in, 30 Antagonism, and interactions of components, 7, 83 Aquatic test systems, 56 Aqueous samples, collection of, 73-74

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From page 222...

... pyrene, 13 fish sensitivity to, 56 identification of, 28-29 initiation-promotion studies of, 117 INDEX and protective effect of micronutrients, 20 screening studies for, 44 cigarette-smoke toxicity, 168- 171 fire atmospheres, 172- 175 hexacarbonneuropathy, 176-178 Chemical characterization of mixtures, 66, 79 search for causative agents, 51-52 Chemotherapy for cancer, maximal tolerable doses in, 26 Chlorinated dibenzofurans, differential uptake of, 15 Chlorination byproducts in water, 151-155 evaluation of risks from, 33 long-term exposure to, 19 Chloroform, interaction with chlordecone, 54-55 Chromatography, 82, 84-87 column, 84 gas, 88, 89 gel-permeation, 85 high-performance, liquid, 85, 86 high-resolution techniques in, 85-86 supercritical-fluid, 87 thin-layer, 85 Cigarette smoking. See Smoking Classification of complex mixtures, 65-66 chemical, 66, 79 Cluster sampling, 69 Coal gasification, hazardous materials in, 128- 129 Coal-mine dust constituents in, 129- 130 toxic effects of, 34, 157-161 Coal tar exposure in animals, 33, 156 materials in, 127 Coke-oven emissions, 155-157 animal studies, 33-34 control of, 19 and lung cancer risk, 13 relative potency tests of, 47 Collection of samples, procedures in, 72-76 for aqueous materials, 73-74 for gases and aerosols, 72-73 for nonaqueous liquids, 74-75 for solids and sediments, 75-76 Combustion products, 127 129 Comparative-potency studies, 46-49, 106-108 Cox proportional hazards model, 210

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From page 223...

... chemical search for components in, 52

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From page 224...

... pyrene, 13 and radon exposure in smokers, 20, 29-30, 32, 140-143 risk assessment with comparative-potency method, 47 smoking associated with, 13, 32 in uranium miners, 142-143 deposition of airborne particles in, 16-18 disease from coal dust, 34, 157-161 M Mathematical models, 102- 105 in comparative-potency testing, 47 for estimation of exposure, 24-25 Matrix testing, 45-46 Meteorologic considerations in sampling, 67 Micronutrients, protective effects of, 20 Miners coal dust exposure in, 34, 157-161 radon exposure and smoking in, 32, 142- 143 Model-driven strategies, 53-56 Models in toxicology, 100- 101 animal. See Animal studies cancer, 185-201 dose-extrapolation, 105-106 dose-response, 102-105 empirical, 121, 209-219 requirements for, 55-56 mathematical, 24-25, 47, 102-105 multistage, 180 for cancer risk, 186-201 for two materiels, 104 pharmacokinetic, 108-110, 121-122 quasibiologic, 217-219 Mortality data from surveys of occupations and industries, 21 Multiple exposures, interactive effects of, 20-22 Multistage models, 180 for cancer risk, 186-201 for two materiels, 104

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From page 225...

... INDEX Multistage sampling, 69 Mutagens in tobacco smoke, 170-171 N National Cancer Institute, 44 National Research Council, 19, 20, 23, 28, 29 Neuropathy, hexacarbon, 44-45, 176- 178 Newark soil samples, 14- 15 Nitrogen dioxide asindicatorofexposure, 14 toxic effects of, 27 Nitroparaffins, chemical search for components in, 52 Nitrosamines, in tobacco smoke, 170 Nutrition and ingestion exposures from food, 23 and lead exposure, 137-140 and protective effects of micronutrients, 20 o Oil shale, constituents in, 128, 130 Oral cancer risk, alcohol intake and smoking in, 6, 20, 32-33, 148-151 Organometallic compounds, 79 Origins of complex mixtures, 127-131 Ozone and clearance rates for particles in respiratory tract, 18 as indicator of exposure, 14 p Pairing of data bases, 51 Particulate matter in air active agents in, 134 collection procedures for, 72-73 and estimation of effective dose, 16- 18 as indicator of exposure, 14 and sulfur dioxide, 31, 133- 137 temperature affecting, 67 Petroleum fractions, biologic activity of, 128 Pharmacokinetic models, 108- 110, 121 - 122 Physical characteristics of mixtures, 66 Pneumoconiosis, coal-workers, 34, 157- 158 Polychlorinated biphenyls bioactivity of, 50 in liquid or semisolid media, and bioavailability, 15-16 soil binding of, 15 225 Polyurethane foam, thermal degradation products of, 51, 129, 173 Population groups, complexity of, 20 Potency of compounds, comparative studies of, 46-49, 106-108 Predictions and approach in testing mixtures, 39-40, 41-42 and comparative potencies of similar substances, 106-107 and designs for low-dose extrapolation 115-117 in interaction studies, 58-59 in low-dose exposure, 198-200 and nonconcurrence between human and animal responses, 30-34 and risks associated with individual components, 180- 182 strategies related to, 53-56 unexpected results in, 109 and value of animal studies, 25-30 Pregnancy, and developmental toxicology, 202-207 Probability sampling, 68-69 Q Quality assurance, and sample integrity, 24, 78 Quasibiologic models, 217-219 Questions in testing related to causative agents, 41 related to effects, 40-41 related to predictability, 39-40, 41-42 related to strategies, 58-59 R Radiation exposure and skin cancer in smokers, 143 variations in, 19 Radon exposure, interaction with cigarette smoke, 20, 29-30, 32, 140-143 Random sampling, 68-71 Recommendations for research, 119-123 Respiratory tract, deposition of airborne particles in, 16- 18 Response-surface designs, 113- 115 Roofers, exposure to benzo(a) pyrene in, 13 Roofing tar, relative potency tests of, 47 Rubber industry, cancer risk in, 22

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From page 226...

... 226 S Sampling, 66-78 cluster, 69 collection procedure in 72-76 9 collection strategy in, 66-71 for close estimation, 12 grid patterns, 71 meteorologic considerations in, 67 multistage, 69 and preparation of materials for assay, 77-78 probability, 68-69 quality assurance in, 24, 78 random, 68-71 and routes of exposure, 66-67 spatial considerations in, 68-71 and storage of samples, 76-77 stratified, 69 systematic, 69-71 temporal factors in, 67-68 Screening studies, 44-45 and designs for low-dose extrapolation, 118-119 Seasonal considerations in sampling, 67 Sediments, collection of samples from, 75-76 Separation of mixture constituents, 81, 82-87 chromatography in, 82, 84-87 liquid-liquid partitioning in, 81, 82, 83-84 Short-term exposures, 18 animal studies, 26-27 Silica dust, and clearance rates for particles in respiratory tract, 18 Simplex-centroid design, in surface analysis, 114 Simplex-lattice design, in surface analysis, 114 Skin absorption of materials in repetitive exposures, 23 cancer of, and effects of smoking and radiation, 143 Smoking alcohol intake with, and oral cancer, 6, 20, 32-33, 148-151 animal studies of, 27 and asbestos exposure, 20, 29-30, 32, 143- 148 and benzo(a) pyrene exposure, 13 and biologically active compounds in smoke, 28, 129, 170 INDEX case study of, 168-171 and clearance rates for particles in respiratory tract, 18 and exposure to toxic ingredients, 19 fractionation of smoke condensate, 49 and radon exposure, 20, 29-30, 32, 140- 143 relative potency tests of, 47 and skin cancer from radiation, 143 Soil samples collection of, 75 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in, 14-15 Solid materials, collection of samples in, 75-76 Solvents for elusion of substances from water, 74 for extraction of materials from samples, 75, 82 in preparation of materials for assay, 77 Soots, comparative-potency studies of, 47 Spatial considerations in sampling, 68-71 Spectroscopy and spectrometry, 87-89 Statistical methods in developmental toxicology, 202-204 in quantitation of exposure, 24-25 Storage of collected samples, 76-77 Stratified random sampling, 69 Sulfur dioxide in animal studies, 27-28, 29, 31, 134-136 as indicator of exposure, 14 and particulate matter in air, 31, 133-137 Sulfuric acid, and clearance rates for particles in respiratory tract, 18 Surface analysis, designs used in, 114 Surveys of occupations and industries, mortality data in, 21 Synergism, 7 in cancer model, 183- 192 Systematic sampling, 69-71 T Temporal considerations in sampling, 67-68 Teratologic effects of chemical mixtures, 202-207 Testing aquatic systems in, 56 battery approach in, 46 bioassay-directed fractionation in, 49-51 bioassay identification in, 53

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From page 227...

... INDEX chemical search in, 51-52 choice of end points in, 41, lot in developmental toxicology, 206-207 comparative-potency approach in, 46-49 complexity of mixture affecting, 57-58 driving forces in, 58 effect search in, 52-53 empirical models in, 55-56 fractional factorial design in, 57-58, 107-108, 119 global approach in, 107-108 interaction studies in, 54-55 matrix, 45-46 mechanistic studies in, 55 pairing of data bases in, 51 recommendations for, 122- 123 screening studies in, 44-45 strategies in, 42-56 formulation of, 59 integration of, 56-60 related to causative agents, 49-53 related to effects, 42-49 related to predictability and models, 53-56 related to questions and problems, 58-59 structuring of questions in, 40-42 summing of component toxicities in, 53-55 tier, 43 44 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in soil samples, 14-15 Tier testing programs, 43 44 Time course in sampling, importance of, 67 Times Beach soil samples, 14-15 227 Tobacco smoke. See Smoking Toxicokinetics, interspecies variations in, 30 Trend test, in developmental toxicology, 206 Trihalomethanes, in water, 33, 151-155 U United States Environmental Protection Agency, 14, 17, 72, 76 Uranium miners, and lung cancer in smokers, 142 V Vegetable materials, pyrolysis products of, 129 Vinyl chloride effects in animals, 29 thermal degradation products of, 129 in tobacco smoke, 170 W Wastes, hazardous, 130 Water activated-carbon filtration of, 19 chlorination byproducts in, 151 - 155 evaluation of risks from, 33 long-term exposure to, 19 collection of samples, 73-74 extraction from samples, 74, 75 hazardous chemicals in, 130-131

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Index Pages 221-228

Index
Pages 221-228