The Advanced Technology Program Assessing Outcomes (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Preface
Preface
Pages 9-22
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From page 11... ...
economy. It provides cost-shared, competitive grants to industry to support R&D on high-nsk, cutting-edge technologies with broad commercial potential and societal benefit.2 Although the program began with substantial bipartisan support, in the midl990s it became embroiled in political controversy, partly as a result of its rapid expansion in the early years of the Clinton Administration.
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railway network, the growth of agriculture through the Mornll Act (1862) and the creation of the agricultural extension service, and support of industry through the creation of the National Bureau of Standards in 1901.5 3 Whitney missed his first delivery date for the arms and encountered substantial cost overruns, a set of events that is still familiar.
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At the industrial level, there were "major collaborative initiatives in pharmaceutical manufactunng, petrochemicals, synthetic rubber, and atomic weapons."7 An impressive array of weapons based on new technologies was developed during the war, ranging from radar and improved aircraft to m~ssiles and, not least, the atomic bomb. Many of these military technologies found civilian applications after the war.
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id Paul Krugman, Geography and Trade, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, p. 23, points out how the British economist Alfred Marshall initially observed in his classic, Principles of Economics, how geographic clusters of specific economic activities arose from the exchange of "tacit" knowledge among businesses.
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i7 Another widely recognized rationale for government support for high technology exists in cases in which technology generates benefits beyond those that can be captured by innovating firms, often referred to as spillovers.~8 There are also cases in which the cost of a given technology may be prohibitive for individual companies, even though expected benefits to society are substantial and widespread.~9 Both of these propositions are central to the mission of the Advanced Technology Program. PROJECT ORIGINS The growth in government programs to support high-technology industry within national economies and their impact on international science and technology cooperation and on the multilateral trading system are of considerable interest worldwide.
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Instead, the Committee's charge is to take a pragmatic approach to address such issues as the rationale and organizing principles of governmentindustry cooperation to develop new technologies, current practices, sectoral differences, means of evaluation, the experience of foreign-based partnerships, and the roles of government laboratories, universities, and other non-profit research organizations. As a program-based assessment of partnerships, focusing on best practices rather than issues of pnnciple, the study has given particular attention to generic partnership programs such as the Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR)
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That report will recommend best practice principles of operation both for national programs and for international collaboration. The Committee's analysis has included a significant but necessarily limited portion of the wide variety of cooperative activity that takes place between the government and the private sector.23 The selection of specific programs to review has been conditioned by the Committee's desire to carry out an analysis of current partnerships directly relevant to contemporary policy making.
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Sandia National Laboratories and the Electric Power Research Institute have also contributed. Private support is provided by a diverse group of private corporations.
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cit. Publications of the government-industry partnerships project include: National Research Council, The Small Business Innovation Research Program: Challenges and Opportunities, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1999; National Research Council, Industry-Laboratory Partnerships: A Review of the Sandia Science and Technology Park Initiative, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1999; National Research Council, New Vistas in Transatlantic Science and Technology Cooperation, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1999; National Research Council, The Small Business Innovation Research Program: An Assessment of the Department of Defense Fast Track Initiative, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000; National Research Council, A Review of the New Initiatives at the NASA Ames Research Center, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2001.
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F Brinkman, Bell Labs; Irwin Feller, Pennsylvania State University; Mary Good, Venture Capital Investors; Henry Kelly, Federation of American Scientists; Sam Kortum, Boston University; Charles Larson, Industrial Research Institute; Lori Nye, Moore Technologies; Ariel Fakes, Harvard Univer
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STRUCTURE This volume is divided into five main chapters. These include the Preface, Introduction, and Findings and Recommendations, which are the collective responsibility of the Steering Committee; the conference proceedings, which summarize the views of the conference participants; and a series of seven papers prepared for this volume, which were subject to close editing but remain the responsibility of the authors.
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— ONE OUT OF TEN ~ E ~ u E Out ENT ~ | Dl LBERT(~) U FS Reprinted by Permission
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