Energy Research at DOE Was It Worth It? Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy Research 1978 to 2000 (2001) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
3 Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Programs
3 Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Programs
Pages 20-43
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 20... ...
These energy-efficiency programs, along with the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) and state and local grant programs (these involve weatherization)
|
From page 21... ...
The oil embargo also led to the passage of regulatory, information, and financial incentive laws in that decade, including laws on automotive corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards, appliance labeling, tax credits for energy-efficient retrofit improvements in residential buildings, low-income weatherization grants, retrofit grants for schools and hospitals, programs for retrofit activities, and building energy performance standards for new buildings.2 In 1987, Congress enacted the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (P.L.
|
From page 22... ...
ENERGY RESEARCH AT DOE: WAS IT WORTH IT? The amount of basic science performed by the energy efficiency program has been small; thus in FY 2000, Congress appropriated $10.9 million for basic science research with potential application in energy-efficient technologies.
|
From page 23... ...
Advanced refrigerator/freezer compressors Compact fluorescent lamps DOE-2 program Electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps Free-piston Stirling engine-drive heat pump Low-emission glass Indoor air quality Subtotal Industry (budget 1978 to 2000, $2072 million) Advanced lost foam technology Advanced turbine system Forest products IOF programa Black liquor gasification Oxygen-fueled glass furnace Subtotal Transportation (budget 1978 to 2000, $3196 million)
|
From page 24... ...
, but they also stimulated additional hypothTABLE 3-3 Categories and Case Studies Dimension Illustrated Project/Program Target Sector Benefits matrix High economic benefit High environmental benefit High security benefit High public benefit Predominantly knowledge benefit Predominantly options benefit Different federal roles Interaction of technology and regulation DOE as catalyst DOE demonstration Different program types Consortium Individual company Other Program initiated by Congress/the administration Failure Electronic ballasts Lost foam Indoor air quality PNGV, fuel cells PNGV Battenes, catalytic conversion Forest products Residential refrigerators Low-emissivity windows, DOE-2 Oxy-fuel, advanced turbine, black liquor Forest products, PNGV Advanced gas turbine Industry Buildings Buildings Industry Stirling engine, PNGV Transportation Stirling engine Buildings, transportation ENERGY RESEARCH AT DOE: WAS IT WORTH IT? eses, which led to other findings.
|
From page 25... ...
However, the building construction industry has been fragmented, as no builder has had more than 5 percent of the market (Builder, 2000~. Moreover, there has been little inWithin this framework, the energy efficiency program has sponsored relatively small RD&D projects for discrete technologies that have the potential for significant energy savings in new and existing buildings without compromising the health or safety of the occupants, such as more efficient windows for residential and commercial buildings, lighting for commercial buildings, and refrigerators for residential buildings.
|
From page 26... ...
O % Mining 3% Agricultures 8% Chemicals Other 26% Forest products 11% FIGURE 3-3 Percentage of primary energy used in the manufacturing sector by major industrial category, 1999.
|
From page 27... ...
Such efforts require sensitivity to considerations of federalism and effective cooperation with the private sector; for example, building-efficiency standards and utility regulation have traditionally been dominated by state-level authorities, whereas responsibility for many equipment-efficiency standards lies at DOE itself under the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987. The committee concludes that DOE appears to have made a substantial contribution to significant changes in the U.S.
|
From page 28... ...
These better compressors were estimated to be responsible for about half of the refrigerator efficiency improvement during the 1980s. The net economic benefit of these compressors in reduced consumer electricity costs is estimated to be about $7 billion over the period from 1981 to 1990 (see Table 3-4 and the advanced refrigeration case study in Appendix E)
|
From page 29... ...
These benefits ignore those deriving from cooling load reductions and commercial buildings applications. mEE estimates the benefit from substituting the lost foam casting technology for sand casting at 46 percent in labor productivity and 7 percent reduction in material cost.
|
From page 30... ...
. The refrigerator standards that DOE promulgated in 1990, 1993, and 2001 have been credited with net life-cycle savings to consumers of about $15 billion, and cumulative primary energy savings through 2005 will be about 2.6 quads.5 INDUSTRY: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE CASE STUDIES The committee prepared five case studies from OITadvanced lost foam technology for metal casting (see Box 3-1)
|
From page 31... ...
The oxy-fuel glass furnace illustrates the importance of demonstrations in the OIT program (Box 3-4~. According to OIT, the nine IOF energy-intensive industries aluminum, agriculture, chemicals, forest products, glass, metal casting, mining, steel, and petroleum account for about 80 percent of the nation's use of energy for manufacturing.
|
From page 32... ...
Many of the technologies are achieving very significant benefits of all types energy savings up to 25 percent are common; productivity improvements of over 40 percent have been achieved and they are rapidly penetrating into the industrial sector. TRANSPORTATION: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE CASE STUDIES Transportation uses about 27 percent of all energy consumed in the United States.
|
From page 33... ...
DOE also supported several industry partnerships and consortia, including a hybrid electric vehicle program, the USABC (United States Advanced Battery Consortium) (see the case study "PEM Fuel Cell Power Systems for Transportation")
|
From page 34... ...
Hybrid electric power trains with either diesel or gasoline engines are being actively pursued as the near-term choice for highly efficient vehicles, and fuel cells (see Box 3-7)
|
From page 35... ...
The 21st Century Truck Partnership, just getting under way, is attacking another important segment of motor fuel consumption and promises additional gains. Summary of DOE's Transportation Technology R&D To date, DOE's transportation technology R&D has had very little effect on the energy consumption or environmental impact of the U.S.
|
From page 36... ...
DOE made significant contributions over the last 22 years to the well-being of the United States through its energy efficiency programs. These programs led to impor7EE refers to the energy efficiency component of DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
|
From page 37... ...
These differences in impact probably arise because an innovation in the buildings sector is often applicable to large numbers of buildings, whereas an innovation in the industrial sector often applies to only one small part of the sector. Energy R&D was reported to have enhanced productivity (e.g., in lost foam casting)
|
From page 38... ...
DOE-2 PEM fuel cell for transportation and Electronic ballasts Indoor air quality (IAQI&V) distributed generation Advanced refrigerators Forest Products Black liquor gasification Low-e glass Advanced batteries for electric vehicles Oxygen-fueled glass furnace Indoor air quality (sick buildings)
|
From page 39... ...
; the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium; PEM fuel cells; PNGV; catalytic converters for diesels; and advanced industrial turbines (Table 3-5~.
|
From page 40... ...
This suggests that different regulatory agencies need to balance their requirements in a systematic manner to ensure the best overall good for the nation. Demonstration is another powerful policy, particularly important for the industrial sector, as exemplified by the oxygenfueled glass furnace and the lost foam casting process.
|
From page 41... ...
Industries of the Future targets each major energy-using industrial group, builds a consortium in partnership with DOE, and develops a strategic plan for joint R&D focused on mutual goals concerned with the public good. The importance of this strategy is illustrated by the Forest Products IOF Program and Black Liquor Gasification case studies.
|
From page 42... ...
1986. Review of government and utility energy conservation programs.
|
From page 43... ...
95-619. The National Energy Conservation Policy Act.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.