International Role of U.S. Geoscience (1987) / Chapter Skim
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The use of international geoscience in development and implementation of foreign policy.
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Finally, a small amount of money spent to bring American and foreign geoscientists together for planning sessions can stimulate substantial active bilateral or multilateral projects. RECOMMENDATIONS Having considered the importance of international geoscience programs in formulating and implementing some foreign policy issues, in advancing U.S.
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The committee has determined that both governmental and nongovernmental interests abroad are so intimately involved with, and served by, international geoscience programs and activities, that support from both governmental and nongovernmental sources should be solicited in strengthening such programs and activities. Moreover the committee has had expressions of interest in support of the office from both petroleum and mining companies.
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the AGI; or (4) a board or panel of the NRC (Board on Earth Sciences, Board on Mineral and Energy Resources)
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55-70, Graham and Trotman, London. Central Treaty Organization.
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Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., 324 pp. International Economic Studies Institute.
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1982. The Circum-Pacific Map Project: framework for international resources assessment, Transactions, Third Circum-Pacific Energy and Mineral Resources Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, August 22-26; Tulsa, Okla.
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The ICY set an example for similarly organized programs concerned exclusively with research on solid earth problems. We recall the Upper Mantle Project and the International Geodynamics Project as forerunners of the current International Lithosphere Program, and we can point to the International Geological Correlation Program, the international phase of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, and the International Hydrological Decade as other successful ventures in international scientific cooperation.
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Linn Hoover Secretary-General, 28th International Geological Congress Deputy Chief, Office of International Geology U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va.
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The development of geological concepts and the contribution of geology to our society have been and will continue to be dependent upon international research, cooperation, and exchange. Plate tectonics has revolutionized the earth sciences.
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It is imperative that we inventory these valuable substances that are contained within the earth's crust, both in our country and over the globe as a whole. Our commercial and industrial enterprise can thrive only if we understand the location and availability of raw materials, now and through the remind H"~"c The ennui c~1 and "v=1 action Of thence r=.cn~,rr-.~ mat ~_~11~O ~~_~— e ^~ C~,~IJ~ Cal ~ =~1 C4~ C ~ C~CL~_ ~ Van ~ __ _ ~_~~ ~ A&~ I_ be weighed in formulating foreign policy and in erecting a stance for U.S.
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51 and associated geophysical soundings proved that the ocean floors are created and move systematically. The plate tectonics concept and all its fruitful associated elucidations that go far to explain the nature of the physical world around us would not have been solidified without this worldwide research.
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Other kinds of natural disasters also lend themselves to analysis. Among these are volcanic eruptions, floods, landslides, sink-hole collapses, severe wave batterings, and ground subsidence due to fluid withdrawal.
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We have a feeling that they are beginning to lag. Participation in international meetings spreads goodwill and can become an effective force in easing international strains or in understanding why they exist.
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During the war years geologists carried out investigations of strategic minerals in many Latin American countries under a program sponsored by the Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural Cooperation, coordinated by the Department of State and the Foreign Economic Administration.
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, Bureau of Mines, National Science Foundation, and Smithsonian Institution. In some countries geological assistance and research programs during these years contributed directly toward the implementation of foreign policy; for example, geological assistance to Indonesia, which was interrupted during the regime, was one of the first programs reactivated when a new government was installed.
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During the 1950s and 1960s, a number of independent oil companies appeared on the international oil scene, resulting in brisk competition for concession areas and a greater variation in the concession terms negotiated. During the same period, a number of national oil companies were organized to represent the energy interests of various countries,
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During the past two decades, there has been an increased involvement of private financial institutions in mineral deposit development throughout the world. Escalating capital costs, cyclical metal prices, and expanded control or project development by host governments have complicated the historical position of private U.S.
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This growing emphasis on internal review of mineral investment proposals is not restricted to domestic financial institutions. International lending agencies such as the World Bank, Inter-American Development Banks, and Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)
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Appendix D A MORE GLOBAL TECH VIEW by Eugene B Skolnikoff It is time we shed our parochial attitudes toward science and technology if we expect to remain the world's foremost technological nation.
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60 In the U.S., policies are almost reversed. Many programs for international cooperation in science and technology with industrialized nations that did exist before 1981 were canceled by this administration (in some cases raising questions of bad faith)
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· Foreign policy considerations play an increasingly important role in the conduct of international scientific activities. · Science and technology are becoming increasingly interdependent, and the national security implications of technology transfer have led to increased discussion of the need for additional controls on the international scientific communication process itself.
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The value of international scientific cooperation is by no means limited to the use of large facilities. Individual scientists in specialized fields often find international collaborative efforts to be of signal importance in facilitating the advancement of their fields.
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foreign policy objectives that should be considered in formulating the Foundation's priorities and budget. MODALITIES FOR FACILITATING INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION Agencies such as the NSF, as well as universities and nongovernmental professional scientific organizations, will each have unique and important contributions to make toward the success of cooperative international scientific activities.
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The National Academy has an especially significant role to play in facilitating international scientific cooperation, both by virtue of serving as the U.S. representative in connection with various nongovernmental international scientific organizations, and through bonds of cooperation with similar academies in other countries.
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65 dimension must be actively provided for in all Foundation programs, from education and fellowships to the various disciplinary efforts in the natural sciences, social sciences, and engineering. Planning for new facilities and the setting of priorities for major scientific investigations and programs should be carried out with the full recognition of the priorities of other countries and in an environment which encourages complementarily or planned supplementation, cost sharing, and coherence of the various efforts of cooperating countries.
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G.A. Barber Anaconda Minerals Company Box 5300 Denver, CO 80217 Dear Art: Responding, finally to your request for comments concerning the National Academy of Sciences Committee on United States awareness of international geological developments, I would start by saying that the so-called "money center banks" that have their own professional staffs keep fairly well up to date on international developments because so many of the new mining projects now under way are located overseas.
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67 numbers are difficult to estimate. Consultants are routinely used by all Banks and in certain types of asset based lending outside consultants reports make up an integral part of the documentation.
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minerals industry's background on global and international geology can be addressed in three parts: . Minerals Industry Current International Geology Data Base · International Geology Data Base Deficiencies · Recommendations MINERALS INDUSTRY CURRENT INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY DATA BASE Critical data regarding geology and mineral resources are acquired domestic minerals industry from both internal and outside The term 'data" refers to information including broad by the _ sources.
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69 · Private consultants · Technical meetings, field trips, etc. · Libraries · Data banks · Financial institutions · Mine/Projects visits · Foreign sources, including publications, news services, and government agencies.
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Bureau of Mines or U.S. Geological Survey organizations.
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: Saudi Arabia = 77% of total USGS international funding in 1982 ($17.7 million) Circum-Pacific Map project (non-government and multilateral)
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Geological Survey - has extensive collections of geological maps, worldwide Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division - has largest map collection in the world; domestic and foreign (except USSR) ; 3.7 million maps; 44,000 atlases; 8,000 reference works, 50,000 maps, and 800 atlases added annually; DOS foreign maps*
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CGMW - list of available maps from BRGM or AAPG Circum-Pacific Map Project - list of available maps from AAPG Dederick Court & Co. - geological references (maps and bibliographies summarized through 1980)
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96-479, the "National Materials and Minerals Policy, Research and Development Act of 1980." The 1980 Act sets this nation on a new and stronger course in the development of its minerals policy. Its provisions will help broaden and deepen our knowledge of minerals and materials, better coordinate mineral policy development with the organizations and agencies of the Executive Branch, and will provide greater awareness of the fundamental role minerals and materials play in the development of a vigorous economy and strong national defense.
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This new office will be the focal point within the Bureau for addressing mineral policy issues and will serve as a mechanism for joint analytical efforts with other agencies. In addition, the Department initiated a review by the Office of Mineral and Policy Research Analysis regarding the various mineral data systems now in use in an attempt to ensure compatibility and utility and reduce duplication.
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Before commencing, I would make the observation that the Department of Defense generally does not buy basic raw materials. Rather, we do buy the finished product, many of which are extremely important to the defense of the country.
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77 systems, subsystems, intermediate products, and structures. Five, we have completed a proposed DOD-wide research and development plan for satisfying DOD critical and strategic materials requirements.
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Accelerated Exploration for Contract Mineral Resources & Modernization Agreement Bolivia Academia National de Ciencias Global Seismic Data Acquisition Memorandum of de Bolivia - Observatorio System Understanding San Calixto Brazil Ministry of Mines and Energy SAT Coop. in Geological Sciences Memorandum of Department of the Interior and Earth Resources re: Mineral Understanding and Energy Canada Geological Survey of Canada, Scientific and Technical Memo Fondue of Dept.
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Japan Regional Digital Seismic Studies The Geological Survey Cooperation in the field of of Japan Geological Sciences Memorandum of Understanding Memorandum of Understanding Jordan Natural Resources Authority of Systematic Assessment of Participating Jordan - AID Ground Water Resources of Agency Service Northern Jordan Agreement Jordan Natural Resources Authority Establishment of a Jordanian Participating Jordan - AID Seismic System Agency Service Agreement Jordan Natural Resources Authority of Scientific Cooperation in Memorandum of Jordan the Earth Sciences Understanding Kuwait Kuwait Institute for Cooperation in the Memorandum of Scientific Research Earth Sciences Understanding
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Participating Agency Service South Korea Korea Institute of Energy and Technical Cooperation in Memorandum of Resources (KIER) Earth Sciences Understanding Southeast Regional Governments in South- Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Participating Asia .East Asia - AID Program in Southeast Asia Agency Service Agreement Southeast Regional Governments in South- Upgrade of Seismic Network in Participating Asia East Asia - AID Southeast Asia Agency Service Agreement Turkey Ministry of Public Works and Global Accelerograph Program Memorandum of Resettlement - Middle East Understanding Technical University United Natural Environment Research Earth Resources and Memorandum of Kingdom Council Environmental Studies Understanding Venezuela Ministry of Energy and Mines Science and Technology in Memorandum (DGSMG)
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81 Counterpart Country Agency Program Type of Agreement Worldwide Regional Governments - AID Worldwide U.S. Department of State Technical Support in Conventional Energy Resources Identification Regional Resource Officer (RRO)
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foreign policy objectives. The annual out-of-pocket cost ($25-30K)
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and European classification schemes, can be compared and contrasted, replacing earlier studies with Poland. Where theoretical geophysics is on a world class level and has supplemented practical problems in mineral resources the GS had to solve domestically and on a reimbursable basis (Saud' Arabia)
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Berczi, in press, Processes and depositional environments within Neogene deltaic-lacustrine sediments, Pannonian Basin, southeast Hungary, Pt.
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Phillips, in press, Seismic the Pannonian Basin in Hungary; Proc. USGS-COG Conf., also AAPG Memoir (in press)
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12/31/84 J.~ [A TOY ~ As5IGNEO-_ 0~n of Fit EI CURRENT Y"R PASA PARTICtPATtN<; AGENCY SERVICE AGREEMENT B~ - =l AGE - R I~RNATlO~^L OBVELO~ ANT O.S.
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S Geological Survey -~.
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— 0~166., - ^_~_ - A" - a- _ 0~ - Ooo~P_rc 3064 1984 A,. The U.S Geological Survey will conduct the activity using U.S.G.S.
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Appendix M FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ RES OUR OF THE FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR GEOSCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES CEO-RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT . Examples from the Applied Geosciences 91
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Contacts established with the representative authorities responsible for international cooperation projects in the field o~ the Earth Sciences, have confirmed the concern of many countries -- in particular those with developing industrialization -- concerning scientific information, training opportunities and higher education Boor their executive staff. For practical considerations, the ICTGE -- ar.
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This will be balanced by a survey of all the opportunities offered for higher education and specialized training in the industrialized countries. The training to be undertaken will be of two main types: · group training programs inside the developing countries, usually intended for technicians, the coaching being provided by foreign teachers and engineers; · research work or specialized studies by engineers and scientists carried out in the countries possessing the corresponding technology.
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95 · response to scientific and technical requests from various countries, often by channeling these requests towards the most suitable organizations; · publication of an information and liaison bulletin DOCUMENTATION CENTER . In this role the ICTGE will provide geological and mining information, together with macroeconomic data, particularly concerned with the developing countries of the world.
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