The Federal Role in Highway Research and Technology Special Report 261 (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Appendixes
Appendixes
Pages 103-140
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From page 103... ...
Private individuals and companies own and operate automobiles, buses, and trucks that use the system and make decisions about where, when, and how they travel. The public sector is also a major highway user and makes travel choices for military mobilization, school transportation, public safety, and the like.
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From page 104... ...
Funds were provided on a 50-50 matching basis, not exceeding $10,000 per mile, for projects approved by the Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) , the successor to ORI that later became the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
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From page 105... ...
The priorities of the federal-aid highway program follow a functional classification of highways -- rural Interstate highways, principal rural arterials, local rural highways, urban Interstates, local urban collectors, and others -- that reflects differences in highway and pavement design. 3The federal role in highway transportation does not involve ownership of any part of the public road system outside federal property.
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From page 106... ...
Through the Highway Trust Fund, the federal government contributed 90 percent of the highway construction costs for the new Interstate system. The Interstate highway system provided a truly national system of highways that supported the growth of the nations' economy by reducing vehicle operating costs and travel time for motor vehicle passengers and freight.
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From page 107... ...
The distribution formulas set by Congress redistribute trust fund contributions to address national highway goals, with the result that some states receive more trust fund dollars than they contribute, while others receive less. Congress occasionally changes the distribution formulas and has considered proposals to eliminate
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From page 108... ...
It also responded to growing concerns about motor carrier safety and the compatibility of large trucks with the nations' highway system by expanding the federal role in regulating the size of commercial motor vehicles. Federal law now establishes truck size and weight limits on a 4Congress changed the distinction between construction and maintenance by amending the U.S.
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From page 109... ...
The Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987 reauthorized the federal-aid highway program in much the same form as it had taken throughout the 1980s; the act also extended authorization for completing the Interstate highway system through 1993. Federal spending for operations and maintenance covering research, safety, and 4R activities now represents just over 40 percent of all federal highway aid.
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From page 110... ...
Each of the 50 states, plus Washington, D.C., and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, has an independent highway agency. These agencies are responsible for the segments of the federal Interstate Table A-1 Strategic Goals of the Federal Highway Administration Strategic Goal Description Mobility Ensure improved access to and increased mobility on the highway system (this can include redistributing resources among states or regions to ensure a minimum national standard of highway service)
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From page 111... ...
Highway Industry Characteristics From the very beginning, the organization of highway agencies in states, counties, and municipalities made highway building a local enterprise. This enterprise spawned a large number of highway contractors and construction companies that serve local markets, as well as a few that extend outside state boundaries.
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From page 112... ...
annually; this figure encompasses all motor vehicles, including heavy-duty trucks (FHWA 1999)
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From page 113... ...
Among all truck trips, 81 percent are less than 50 miles in length, but they represent 66 percent of revenues carried. Concurrently, there is evidence that in response to increasing congestion in urban areas and on certain urban bypass and intercity routes, some businesses have relocated to avoid exposure to uncertain or continuing highway congestion delays.6 The significant public-sector investment in highways also leverages substantial investments by road users.7 The largest portion of personal assets held by the American public other than their homes is the vehicle fleet.
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From page 114... ...
Energy and Environmental Considerations Motor vehicle transportation accounts for most of the energy consumed and pollutants emitted in U.S. transportation.
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From page 115... ...
highway transportation on petroleumbased fuels is important because such fuels are the source of much U.S. air pollution, and continued dependency on foreign sources of petroleum can create strategic problems.9 Although alternative fuels are available for motor vehicles, they currently cost more than, and lack the supply infrastructure of, traditional gasoline and diesel fuels.
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From page 116... ...
References Abbreviations BTS Bureau of Transportation Statistics FHWA Federal Highway Administration TRB Transportation Research Board TTI Texas Transportation Institute BTS.
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From page 117... ...
Appendix B Agenda for Highway Research Prepared by the Working Groups of the National Highway Research and Technology Partnership Forum 117
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From page 118... ...
Highway infrastructure · Human factor safety guidelines and operations · Consequences of leaving the road · Intersection safety · Intelligent infrastructure initiative · Work zones · Inclusion of safety in highway design process
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From page 119... ...
Vulnerable road users · Crash and use data regarding walking, bicycling, and motorcycling · Safer road sharing for pedestrians and bicyclists · Off-road facilities for pedestrians and bicyclists · Visibility and conspicuity · Educational materials 7. Heavy truck and bus · Truck and bus crashes and their precursors safety · Driver errors · Heavy-vehicle safety equipment and technologies · Enforcement of commercial motor carrier safety regulations · High-risk carriers and drivers · Commercial driver training and performance management · Driver alertness and fatigue management · Driver physical and medical fitness · Highway infrastructure and operations 8.
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From page 120... ...
Information management · Data systems integration · Legacy systems preservation · Data standards for measurement, accuracy, and precision 2. Decision support tools · Probabilistic life-cycle scenario analysis · Valuation analysis (inherent value of asset and economic value of mobility benefits)
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From page 121... ...
Designs and materials · Prediction of pavement performance · Quantification of total life-cycle costs · Long-term durability of paving materials 2. Construction and · Road user cost data for traffic congestion and delays maintenance techniques · Impact of nontraditional contracting practices on and technologies construction time · Long-term durability of construction materials · Specialized construction and nondestructive test ing equipment 3.
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From page 122... ...
Enhanced specifications · High-performance materials specifications for improved structural · Fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials performance specifications · Rapid replacement and repair specifications · Specifications for structures other than bridges and for other transportation modes · Load resistance factor designbased geotechnical engineering research and validation studies 6. Information and auto- · Computer-integrated management system for bid mation for structures estimating, project management, and construction design, construction, · Computer-integratedautomated project delivery and maintenance system · Data to link related design components · Protocols for storing and managing project data · Interactive Internet modules related to load and resistance factor design, bridge management systems, and inspection · Protocols for online access to AASHTO specifica tions and transportation guides · Automation support of design and analysis tools · Software verification-validation AASHTO = American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
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From page 123... ...
Maximizing efficiency · Performance objectives and minimizing · Impact of operations on behavior of travelers congestion · Evaluating performance · Predictive transportation management · Monitoring facility performance · Operational management · Incident management · Personnel and agency organization · Interagency relationships and regional transporta tion management · Work zone and social events management · Weather response · Travel demand management · Legal and regulatory barriers · Trade-offs between operational and infrastructure improvements · Relationships between transportation manage ment and alternate modes of transportation · Crosscutting issues 3. Information needs and · Information requirements of users requirements · Relationship between information and traveler behavior · Data needs of agency personnel · Low-cost data-collection techniques · Rural characteristic and information needs · Institutional issues associated with data sharing · Information presentation needs of disabled people · Crosscutting issues 4.
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From page 124... ...
Environmental issues · Environmental science · Analysis tools · Impacts of operational measures · Best practices · Relationship between operations and environment of neighborhoods and communities · Crosscutting issues 6. Intermodal interfaces · Goods movement and efficiencies · Supply-chain management concepts · Impact of teletravel on access to services and transportation mobility · Institutional and cultural response to increased emphasis on operations · Crosscutting issues 7.
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From page 125... ...
Enhancing data-driven · Linkage between investment and benefits decision-making tools · Performance measures · Innovative financing approaches · Alternative revenue and tax sources · Traditional highway user funding · Public-private partnerships 3. Improving monitoring of · Sustainable data collection evolving trends · More responsive analytical tools · Continuing, coordinated, comprehensive system monitoring 4.
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From page 126... ...
126 THE FEDERAL ROLE IN HIGHWAY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Table B-7 Crosscutting Topics Topic Working Group Theme or Emphasis Area Safety Safety All Infrastructure Work zone safety Safer pavements Safety assurance of structures Operations Incident management Work zone management Advanced technologies Grade crossings Enforcement Pedestrians Environment Infrastructure Environmentally friendly pavements Operations Environmental issues Weather response Policy Analytical tools System monitoring Partnerships Goods movement Environment and sustainability Planning Safety Safety management and data systems Off-road facilities for pedestrians and bicyclists Infrastructure Information management Decision support tools Less disruptive construction and maintenance Cost benefits of design-build approach Cost benefits of preventive maintenance Bridge management systems Policy All Information Safety Safety management and data systems and data Crash data for vulnerable road users Infrastructure Information management Training for collecting and managing data Road user cost data Information and automation for structures Operations User information needs Policy Technology interactions Innovative finance Sustainable data collection
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From page 127... ...
Table B-7 (continued) Crosscutting Topics Topic Working Group Theme or Emphasis Area Performance Infrastructure Integrating customer and organizational measures goals Pavement performance Operations Performance of operational activities User and community goals Cost-effectiveness of performance mea suring systems Monitoring facility performance Policy Performance measures Performance-based planning Multimodal and intermodal planning Workforce Infrastructure Asset management training Operations Educational programs -- pavements Safety Meeting customer needs Driver skills Driver-fitness monitoring
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From page 128... ...
aFrom 1988 to 1995, the theme was intelligent transportation systems and geographic information systems; from 1995 to 1999, the center operated without federal funding.
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From page 129... ...
Table C-2 Group B: Eight Congressionally Designated Centers Location Theme Assumption College Transportation and environmental education for 21st century Purdue University Safe, quiet, and durable highways Rutgers University Advanced infrastructure and transportation South Carolina State Transportation intermodalism University University of Central Advanced transportation simulation Florida University of Denver and Intermodal transportation -- planning, design, and Mississippi State assessment University University of Southern Metropolitan transportation research California and California State University, Long Beach NOTE: Each received $300,000 per year in 1998 and 1999 and $500,000 in 2000 and 2001; limited competition with Group C centers for fifth and sixth years.
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From page 130... ...
Table C-3 Group C: Nine Congressionally Designated Centers Location Theme Morgan State University Transportation safety and efficiency through manage ment, research, and development New Jersey Institute of Productivity improvements through transportation Technology North Carolina A&T State Urban transit University North Carolina State Transportation and environment University San Jose State University Surface transportation policy studies University of Alabama Management and safety of transportation systems University of Arkansas Rural transportation University of Idaho Advanced transportation technology University of South Florida Urban transportation NOTE: Each received $750,000 per year between 1998 and 2001; limited competition with Group B centers for fifth and sixth years.
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From page 131... ...
Table C-4 Group D: Six Congressionally Designated Centers Location Theme George Mason University Intelligent transportation systems (with University of Virginia and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) Marshall University Economic growth and productivity in rural Appalachia through transportation Montana State University, Rural transportation Bozeman Northwestern University Infrastructure technology University of Minnesota Intelligent transportation systems University of Rhode Island Advanced transportation infrastructure and systems NOTE: Each receives $2 million per year from 1998 to 2003.
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From page 132... ...
. Table C-5 Programs Funded Through FHWA Surface Transportation Research Program Program Location (Federal Funds)
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From page 133... ...
and George Washington University ($1.5 million) Motor Vehicle Safety Georgia Technical Institute 19982000 Warning System Research Center ($2.1 million)
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From page 134... ...
134 THE FEDERAL ROLE IN HIGHWAY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Part 4: Designated Programs (Recipients) in Fiscal Year 2000 Highway Appropriations Funded at 50 Percent of Conference Earmark Table C-7 Programs Funded at 50 Percent of Conference Earmark in FY 2000 Program Location Funding Geosynthetic Materials Montana State University $200,000 Polymer Binders South Carolina State University and $625,000 Clemson University Advanced Engineering/ San Diego State University and $600,000 Wood Composites University of Maine Center for Excellence for West Virginia University $1,000,000 Structures and Pavements Native Vegetation Center University of Northern Iowa $150,000 National Environmental University of New Mexico $25,000 Respiratory Center
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From page 135... ...
Moreover, many countries have separate organizational and funding arrangements for highway infrastructure and highway safety. In addition to national highway research and development programs, European and other member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
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From page 136... ...
Current thematic initiatives address transportation-related projects: competitive and sustainable growth; sustainable mobility and intermodality; land and marine transport; aeronautics; and research in materials, production technology, standards, and technology. The RTD program includes a transportation research component and a road transport research program with the following themes: sustainable mobility; road safety; traffic, transport, and information management; and road infrastructure design and maintenance.
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From page 137... ...
1997. RoadTransport Research Outlook 2000.
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From page 138... ...
Appendix E Worksheet for Estimating Percentage of Congressional Designations for the Federal Highway Administration's Research and Technology Program Table E-1 Item 1: FHWA R&T Funding by Category as Authorized in TEA-21 ($ millions) Program Category 1999 2000 2001 Surface transportation R&T deployment 132.0 137.0 143.0 Intelligent transportation systems R&D 40.7 47.0 48.3 University Transportation Centers 25.65 27.275 27.25 Training and education 15.0 16.0 18.0 Total 213.35 227.775 236.35 NOTE: FHWA = Federal Highway Administration; R&T = research and technology; R&D = research and development; TEA-21 = Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century.
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From page 139... ...
Program Category 1999 2000 2001 Surface transportation R&T deployment 21.6 19.1 39.6 Intelligent transportation systems R&D 0 0 5 University Transportation Centers 0 0 0 Training and education 0 0 0 Total 21.6 19.1 44.6 Table E-4 Item 4: Total Designated FHWA R&T Funding by Category, Authorized inTEA-21 and Specified in Annual Authorizations (Sum of Items 2 and 3; $ millions) Program Category 1999 2000 2001 Surface transportation R&T deployment 78.0 78.5 99.0 Intelligent transportation systems R&D 0.5 0.5 5.5 University Transportation Centers 15.65 17.275 17.25 Training and education 0 0 0 Total 94.15 96.275 121.75
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From page 140... ...
Table E-5 Items 5-8: Estimating Percentage of Congressional Designations ($ millions) Item Description 1999 2000 2001 5 Obligation limit on FHWA R&T funding 0.883 0.871 0.879 6 Total FHWA R&T funding after obliga- 1 8 8 .
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