Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals (2002) / Chapter Skim
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6 Hydrogen Cyanide
6 Hydrogen Cyanide
Pages 153-177
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From page 153... ...
. Me subcommittee also identifies data gaps and recommends research relevant for dete~rung the health risk attributable to exposure to hydrogen cyanide.
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From page 154... ...
Hydrogen cyanide also is released into the air from natural biogenic processes of plants, bacteria, and fungi; however, an estimate of that amount is not available (Gcerone and Zelkler 1983; G utzen and Chnnichae] 1993; Fikse!
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From page 155... ...
. ILe maximum hydrogen cyanide concentration detected was 40 pprrr Humans normally are exposed to cyanide from ingesting cyanide- and amygdaiin-contnining foods or foods that contain fumigation residues and from inhaling cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, and smoke from fires <~SDB 2001; NIOSH 1976~.
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From page 156... ...
(Peldste~n and Klendshoj 1954~. Tissue distribution of cyanide at autopsy end whole-blood cyanide levels in humans fatally poisoned very widely depending on the duration of survival, which, in turn, varies according tO the delays to initial resuscitation, the adm~stration of antidotal therapy, and the intensive care supportive measures applied (HaL et al.
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From page 157... ...
Dermal No studies were found that examined distribution in humans after dermal exposure to hydrogen cyanide; there are limited data on the distribution in experimental animals after decal exposure. Rabbits exposed by the dermal route to 33.75 mg CN-/kg as hydrogen cyanide had cyanide concentrations of 310,ug/~ in the blood, 144 lug/ in the senlm, 26 ,ug/100 g in the liver, 66 ,ug/100 g in the kidney, 97 ,ug/100 g in the brain, 10 ,ug/100 g in the heart, 120 ,ug/100 g in the lungs, and 21 ,ug/100 g in the spleen (Ballantyne 1983a)
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From page 158... ...
thus, the pnmary targets are the tissues that are most sensitive to hypoxia the brain and the heart. Typical symptoms of hydrogen cyanide poisoning include headache, vertigo, lack of motor coordination, nausea, vomiting, tachypnea, weak pulse, cardiac arrhythmia, and convulsion (NRC 20003.
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.s do.
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Scrutiny of blood cyanide concentrations in victims of cyanide poisoning could be misleading for the purposes of characterizing dose-response relationships, depending on the length of the delaybefore pedom~ng the assay (Chaturvedi et al.
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Two other studies exarnirimg workers in electroplating plants also reported respiratory symptoms and other unspecified "typical symptoms of hydrogen cyanide poisoning" (Chancira et al. 1980; Ellis 1959~.
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EX1? E RIME NTAL ANIMAL TOXICITY DATA Mere are numerous experimental anion studies examining hydrogen cyan~de toxicity after acute exposure.
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164 1 Cal · _ C)
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165 ~ ~ o, ~ 1~ Hi, _ _' ,~, e-~ on be, e~ Cat ~-> ~ Cx .5 c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .S ~ o o ~ o o ~ to ~ ~ in ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .~ .~ .~ .
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166 1 oo ' 1 1 Cal V, · _ Cal C)
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167 So-4 lot ._ ._ '1 ~ ~ o o .~ .~ Us o o o o o o o ._ ._ Cal Cal I_ I_ ~ 4= Ct Cal o o En o Ct ~ ~ ~ ~ Cal _= (~]
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168 .~ of; '1 ~ hi i, .,, ._ 64 .o U)
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Four cynomolgus monkeys exposed at 60 ppm for 30 min experienced a slight depressive effect on the CNS as shown by changes in brain wave activity and reduced auditory cortical evoked potential (Purser et al.
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(1951~. In fact, the results indicated that hydrogen cyanide exerts a depressive effect on carbon monoxide uptake.
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It is supported by studies In monkeys that show some central nervous system effects (e.g., changes in brain wave activity end reduced auditory cortical evoked potential) occur after a 30-min exposure at a concentration of 60 ppm (Purser et al.
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From page 172... ...
NASA SMAC NRC 2000 lh 8ppm 24 h 4 ppm 7 d 1 ppm 30d lppm 180 d lppm NIOSH Ceiling Concentration 4.7 ppm NIOSH 1994 NIOSH IDLH 50 ppm NIOSH 1994; Ludwig et al. 1994 OSHA PEL 10 ppm NIOSH 1994 Abbreviations: ACGI~ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; AEGL, acute exposure guideline level; AIHA, American Industrial Health Association; DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; ERPG, emergencyresponse planning guideline; IDLY immediately dangerous to life and health; MALK, maximum concentration values in the workplace; NAC' National Advisory Committee; NASA, National Air and Space Administration; KIOSK National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; NR, not recommended; NRC' National Research Council; OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; PEL, permissible exposure level; pprn, parts per minion; SMAC' spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations; TLV-C' Threshold Limit Value.
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From page 173... ...
Supplements to the Sixth Edition Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH AIHA (American Industrial Hygiene Association)
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1995. Exposures tO carbon monoxide, hydrogen c~uiide and their mmures: Interrelationship between gas exposure concentration, time to incapacitation, carboxyhemoglobin and blood cyanide in rats.
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1917. Detection of hydrocyanic acid gas.
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1987. Effects of exposure to single or multiple combinations of the predominant toxic gases and low oxygen atmospheres produced in fires.
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From page 177... ...
Treatment of cyanide poisoning in an industrial setting.
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