Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals (2002) / Chapter Skim
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7 Hydrogen Sulfide
7 Hydrogen Sulfide
Pages 178-218
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From page 178... ...
. ILe subcommittee also identifies data gaps and recommends research relevant for detem~ng the health risk attnbutable to exposure to hydrogen sulfide.
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From page 179... ...
Most of the hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere approximately 90%comes from natural sources through nonspecific and anaerobic bacterial reduction of sulfates and sulfur-contnining organic compounds (ATSDR 1999~. These sources include stagnant or polluted waters and manure or coal pits with low
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From page 180... ...
Hydrogen sulfide generated byanaerobic bacterial reduction also can be emitted bywastewater treatment plants or landfills. Hydrogen sulfide is produced bycolonic bacteria in humans and animals and has been measured at 0.0130 ppm in flatulus of healthy Lumens (Suarez and Levitt 1999~.
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, and brain (0.023,umol/g3 of rabbits exposed byinhalation at concentrations of 500- 1,000 ppm hydrogen sulfide for an average of 22 men (Kage et al.
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It causes toxicity Lyinterrupting the electron transport chain through inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, leading to compromised oxidative phosphorylation and aerobic metabolism, increased peripheral tissue PO2 Martial pressure of oxygen) , and decreased unloading gradient for oxyhemoglobin.
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One stuclyfo,~nd that exposing healthymen to 5.0 ppm hydrogen sulfide for up to 16 mu1 during graded exercise resulted in a significant increase in maximum oxygen uptake, a significant decrease in carbon dioxide output, and a significant increase in blood lactate compared with controls 03hambhani and Singh 1991~. However, maximal power output was not affected and thus the biologic and toxicologic significance of these effects in not known.
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The authors concluded that there were no significant changes in pulmonary function between the group exposed to hydrogen sulfide and the control group. Ibe variables measured were forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, the ratio of forced e~iratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity, peek expiratoryflow rate, forced expiratory flow, maximumventilation volume, and diffusion capacityof the lung for carbon monoxide.
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From page 194... ...
This is caked the "slaughterhouse sledgehammer effect." Fatalities as a result of hydrogen sulfide exposure usually occur In confined spaces, such as sewers, animal containment facilities, waste dumps, sludge plants, manure tanks, and cesspools (ATSDR 1999~. Workplace fatalities also have occurred in the petroleum and natural gas industries from hydrogen sulfide Nuder and Suruda 20003.
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osure groups based on job description. Mere was a significant difference in the ratio of forced expiratory volume in ~ s to forced vital capacity between sewer treatment facility workers in the high-exposure group and water treatment facility workers Richardson 1995~.
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From page 196... ...
Additionally, in some cases, the peak levels associated with the effects may not have been recorded (see accidental exposure studies cited in Table 7-2~. He literature often does not report the duration of exposure or provides only general information such as "prolonged exposure." Another factor that complicates the evaluation of exposure duration for effects is that although instant effects of hydrogen sulfide may develop within minutes, some adaptation to the irritant effects of hydrogen sulfide may occur with continued exposure.
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From page 197... ...
Effect < 1 Possible eye irritation and subjective effects (e.g., headache, nausea) repotted in residential communities near hydrogen sulfide sources.
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. The lungs of Fischer 344 rats exposed at 300 ppm for 4 h showed focal areas of red atelectasis and patchy alveolar edema with perivascular and peribronchial interstitial edema (Green et al.
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Repeated Exposure Studies show that repeated exposure to hydrogen sulfide affects the central nervous, respiratory, end cardiovascular systems. Sprague-Dawleyrats exposed at 25-100 ppm for 3 h/d for 5 d showed changes in electroencephalogram (LEG)
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From page 209... ...
These levels are based on eye Station reported at concentrations ranging from 5 to 30 pprn, panicularlyw~th coexposure to other chemicals or eye ~rntants that could lower the threshold for irritation. Me Navy notes that evacuation should be considered if eye imtation becomes unbearable at hydrogen sulfide concentrations between SEAL1 and SEAL2,andthatcontinuedexposure could result in more permanent ocular changes, including keratoconjunctivitis and vesiculation of the comeal epithelium ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE NRC AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS Recommended exposure guidance levels for hydrogen sulfide from other organizations are sumrna~ed in Table 7-5.
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. ~ ~ , Submanne Escape Action Level 2 On the basis of its review of human and experimental arenas health-effects and related data, the subcommittee concludes that the Navy?
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Biological Exposure Indices. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH AIHA (American Industrial Hygiene Association)
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1994. Comparative physiological responses of exercising men and women to 5 ppm hydrogen sulfide exposure.
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1990. The South Karelia air pollution study.
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1995. South Karelia air pollution study: Dailysymptom intensityin relation to exposure levels of malodorous sulfur compounds from pulp miss.
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1981. Acute and subchronic toxicity studies of rats exposed to vapors of methyl mercaptan and other reduced-sulfur compounds.
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1991b. Delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae after acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning: Affection of motor function, memory, vision, and hearing.
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