Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals (2002) / Chapter Skim
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8 Nitrogen Dioxide
8 Nitrogen Dioxide
Pages 219-247
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Me Subcommittee on Submanne Escape Action Levels used this information to assess the health risk to Navypersonne] aboard a disabled submarine from exposure to nitrogen dioxide and to evaluate submarine escape action levels (SEALs)
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From page 220... ...
In forested and rural areas of the United States, ambient nitrogen dioxide concentrations average less than 0.10 ppm (parts per million) , whereas In urban areas peaklevels mayexceed 0.2 ppm, particularlyin the late afternoon and evening (EPA 1993~.
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In monkeys exposed to 0.30-0.91 ppm nitrogen dioxide for less than 10 mm, 50-60% of the inhaled gas was retained during quiet respiration (Goldstein et al.
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Experimental Studies Experimental studies of nitrogen dioxide exposure at concentrations of up to 5 ppm with healthy subjects and people with asthma have shown little if any adverse health effects. Exposures up to 0.6 ppm in healthy men and women, whether at rest or doling exercise, do not appear to result in decreased pulmonary function although continuous exposure at 1.5 ppm for 3 h resulted in a slight but significant fat in forced expiratory volume (PEV)
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In a report of 17 silo workers, 16 had dyspnea, cough, chest pain, eye irntation, and rapid breathing; one worker died with diffuse alveolar damage and pulmonary edema; and one worker developed bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans years later (Grays on 1956; Lowry and Schuman 1956; Miine 1969~. Other occupations, such as welding with an acetylene torch, also have been found to result in exposure to nitrogen dioxide.
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No mortality occurred up to 40 ppm Ale first deaths were observed in rats and mice exposed at 50 ppm for 24 h, in dogs exposed at 76 ppm for 4 h, in rabbits exposed at 75 ppm for 1 h, and in guinea pigs exposed at 50 ppm for 1 h. H;stologic signs in ad species included bronchiolitis, desquamated bronchial epitheliurn, infiltration bypol~norphonuclearceLs, end edema Whine et al.19703.
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1988~. Mice exposed at 10 ppm had increased ceDulanty of the wads of the bronchioles, alveolar duct, and adjacent alveoli by 21 d and hypertrophyorhyperplasia of s mad bronchi and bronchiolar epithelium by7 d; mice exposed at 25 ppm had hypertrophyor hyperplasia of small bronchi or bronchiolar epithelium by7 d, an increase in cedulantyof waLs of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and adjacent alveoli by 7 d, and some mononuclear infiltration of peribronchial areas.
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29 CFR Part 1910.1000. Abbreviations: ACETIC American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; EPA, Environmental Protection Agency., IDLY immediately dangerous to life and health; MAK, maximum allowable concentration in the workplace; KIOSK National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health; OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; STEL, short-term exposure limit; TLV, Threshold Limit Value; ~WA, time-weighted average.
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From page 241... ...
1998. Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
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1985. Route of inhalation influences airway responses to 0.30 ppm nitrogen dioxide in asthmatic subjects.
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1991. Effects of nitrogen dioxide exposure on pulmonary function and airway reactivity in normal humans.
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1985. Acute effects of 0.12 ppm ozone or 0.12 ppm nitrogen dioxide on pulmonary function in healthy and asthmatic adolescents.
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1992. P~monaryperformance of eWerly normal subjects and subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exposed to 0.3 ppm nitrogen dioxide.
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1997. Respiratory effects associated with indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure in children.
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1994. Effect of domestic concentrations of nitrogen dioxide on airway responses to inhaled allergen in asthmatic patients.
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