Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals (2002) / Chapter Skim
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2 Ammonia
2 Ammonia
Pages 22-68
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BACKGROUND INFORMATION The subcommittee reviewed data that came primarily from human experimental studies and from toxicity studies in various animal species. The evaluation focused on inhalation exposure studies that measured respiratory notation and tolerance to odor.
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1977~. Adaptation to the odor and to the effects of ammonia at low concentrations (< 100 ppm3 has been demonstrated in occupational exposure studies of workers who were able to carry out job-related functions during extended penods of exposure (Vigliani and Zurio 1955; Fergusonetal.l977~.
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Examples of materials that can produce ammonia gas upon pyrolysis include wool, polyacrylonitrile, synthetic fabrics, and insulating foams (H;lado et al.
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When the Tower and upper respiratory tracts were studied senaratelv retention was found to he appromrnately78% In each. In a study using rats, Schaerde]
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In contrast, Kustov (1967) demonstrated a significant increase in BUN in human subjects exposed to 20 ppm for 8 h.
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1993~. Increased intracellular ammonia concentrations also have been implicated in the inhibition of neuronal glutamate precursor synthesis, resulting in diminished glutamatergic neurotransm~ssion, changes in neurotransm~tter (glutamate)
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At 30 pprn, the odor was highly penetrating for three subjects, and moderately TABLE 2-2 Ammonia Exposure In Humans _oncentration (ppm) Effect 53 Least detectable odor 408 698 1,720 2,000-6~500 5,000- 10,000 Lowest concentration causing throat irritation Lowest concentration causing ocular irritation Lowest concentration that caused coughing Dangerous for short (0.5 h)
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Observations were made of Creation to the conjunctive of the eyes end mucous membranes of the nose end throat. Vitalsigns (pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate)
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(1977) studied the effect of ammonia exposure in 18 subjects exposed to concentrations of 101, 151, 206, and 336 ppm for brief periods before and dunng exercise.
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1992~. Ike respiratory dysfunction caused by acute high-level ammonia exposure can be biphasic: Immediate effects canIeadto severe pulmonarydarruge, edema, and death.
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osures to other chemicals often were involved. EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL TOXICITY DATA Acute inhalation experiments with ammonia have demonstrated lethal and noniethaltomc effects in a vanetyof Laboratory animals.
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1985~. Mere are no animal toxicity studies specificaDyon dermal exposure to ammonia gas, but most of the inhalation studies outlined in Table 2-8 involved whole bodyexposures.
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Biomarkers of effect from ammonia exposure are limited to resultant tissue njunes from contact with the Intact gas. Unfortunately,the lesions are nonspecific and are consistent with exposure to other ~rntant gasses and caustic compounds.
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1 1 ~ -A ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE NRC AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS Table 2-9 presents exposure limits for ammonia recommended by the NRC and other organizations. Me 24-h emergency exposure guidance level (E EGL)
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Me subcommittee recommends a SEAL 2 of 125 pprrr This value is based on a controlled human studyin which volunteers exposed to ammonia at 140 ppm experienced severe throat irritation and left the exposure chamber within 1.25 h, while volunteers exposed at 110 ppm reported eye and throat irritation but did not leave the exposure chamber for the duration of the experiment (2 h) (Verberk 1977~.
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To address these questions, the subcommittee recommencis that studies be conducted to examine the effects on respiratory-tract end eye Plantation, and on pulmonary function of simultaneous exposures to multiple Unmeant gases. REFERENCES ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)
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1956. Mucus flow and ciliaryactivityin the trachea of healthy rats exposed tO respiratory irritant gases (SO2, NH3, and HGHO3.
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1979. CoLagen breakdown and ammonia inhalation.
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1980. Mass ammonia inhalation.
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1987. Emergencyand Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants.
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1983. Fatal ammonia inhalation: a case report with autopsy findings.
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1983. Acute and long-termpulmonarysequelae of acute ammonia inhalation.
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