Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals (2002) / Chapter Skim
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9 Sulfur Dioxide
9 Sulfur Dioxide
Pages 248-287
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From page 248... ...
Ambient sulfur dioxide can react with oxygen to form sulfur triomde, which then reacts with water (on moist surfaces) to produce sulfuric acid.
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From page 249... ...
It is a primary air pollutant emitted by smellers and electncal power plants that burn coal or oil. Sulfur dioxide is found at concentrations of 1-10 parts per billion (ppb3 in clean ambient air, and at 20-200 ppb in polluted air (Seinfeld 1986~.
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From page 250... ...
The imtation results in parasympathetic stimulation producing smooth muscle contraction and mucous secretion (HSDB 2000~. Studies in humane end ants suggest that40-90% of inhaled sulfur dioxide is absorbed in the upper respiratory tract (WHO 1979~.
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From page 251... ...
Dogs that inhaled 35SO2 through the nose and mouth at concentrations of t-141 ppm had significant radioactivityin the upper airways; lower rates were exhibited in the trachea, lungs, hilar lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. Metabolism Although the primary effects of sulfur dioxide are on the respiratory tract, inhaled sulfur dioxide can be transferred into the systemic circulation.
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From page 252... ...
Hey found significantly increased amounts of sulfur tnoxide radicals in PMNs from healthy adults who had low sulfite oxidase activity. In centenarians and Down syndrome patients, generation of the sulfur trioxide radical was the primary mechanism for detoxification of sulfite.
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From page 253... ...
Mild imitation, bronchoconstriction, and decreased lung function, as assessed by measurements of specific airwayresistance or decreases in forced expiratory volume or expiratory flow, are produced after exposure of healthy individuals to low concentrations of sulfur dioxide. People with asthma are more susceptible.
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From page 268... ...
min coughing; after acclimation, signs 1962, 1964 of irritation of pharynx, salivation, and airflow resistance 15 ppm 10 min pulmonary flow resistance of 3% Frank 1964 25 ppm 360 min Nearlyintolerable upon initial ex- Anclersen et posure; following gradual acclima- al. 1974 tion, Slyness and slight pain in nose, rhinorrhea, conjectival pain, decreased mucous flow ant!
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From page 269... ...
It is noteworthy that when both worker populations were compared with the local population, each exhibited a lower prevalence of chronic respiratory disease than did the general public. Community exposure studies typically included concomitant exposures to particles, so the studies have limited utilityin defining causation: sulfur dioxide was but one of several agents contributing to observed effects.
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From page 270... ...
Higher concentrations produced more sustained biochem~cal, clinical, and histologic changes in the respiratory syste~ No material effects were noted in organs outside of the respiratory tract after acute ex? osure to sulfur dioxide.
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271 lo, 'I i At, 5 ~ ~ -5 = .5 ° ~ ~ ° o o no, Q
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From page 277... ...
1970~. At 5 ppm, dogs showed an increase in pulmonary upper airway resistance and decreased lung compliance 03alchum et al.
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From page 278... ...
,whoexposed15malesati,5,and 25 ppm for 6 h, and observed a significant decrease in nasal mucous flow rate and an increase in nasal airflow resistance in subjects exposed at 5 and 25 ppm for 6 h. A decrease in forced expiratory volume at ~ s and in forced ex?
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From page 279... ...
40 CFR 50.4. Abbreviations: ACGI~ American Conference of GovernmentalIndustrialHygienists; AIHA, American Industrial Hygiene Association; ATSDR' Agencyfor Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; CEGL, community exposure guidance level; DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinshaft; EEGL, emergencyexposure guidance level; EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, IDLY immediatelydangerous to life and health; MAK, maximum concentration values in the workplace; ~L, minimal risk level; NAAQS, National Ambient Air Quality Standard; KIOSK National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; NRC, National Research Council; OS HA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; PEL-I~WA, permissible exposure limit-time-weighted average; REL, recommended exposure limit; STEL, short-term exposure limit; TLV, Threshold Limit Value.
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From page 280... ...
The occupational data are considered particularly valuable in providing practical information about the relationships of concentration and time course, tolerance, and acclimation to instant effects caused by sulfur dioxide exposures in a healthy human population as would be more closely representative of the population found in a submarine. Submanne Escape Action Level 1 On the basis of its review of human and experimental animal health-effects and related data, the subcommittee concludes that the Navy's proposed SEAL 1 of 3 ppm for sulfur dioxide is too conservative.
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From page 281... ...
Data from animal studies suggest that a lack of prior exposure to sulfur dioxide may intensify its imitative effects from a modest exposure and therefore, the Navy should conduct research examining the adaptive effects of sulfur dioxide exposure. REFERENCES ACCIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)
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From page 282... ...
comparison of sulfite oxidase activity in mamrnatan tissues. Biochem.
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From page 283... ...
1967. Prevalence of chronic respiratory disease in a pulp mill and a paper mill in the United States .
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From page 284... ...
1987. Distribution, metabolism and toxicity of inhaled sulfur dioxide and endogenouslygenerated sulfite in the respiratory tract of normal and sulfite oxidase-deficient rats.
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From page 285... ...
Acute effects of inhaled sulfur dioxide plus sodium chloride droplet aerosol on pulmonary function in asthmatic aclolescents. Environ.
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From page 286... ...
1989a. Is the short-term limit value for sulfur dioxide exposure safe?
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From page 287... ...
1981. Effects of 0.75 ppm sulfur dioxide on pulmonary function parameters of normal human subjects.
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