Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals (2002) / Chapter Skim
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3 Carbon Monoxide
3 Carbon Monoxide
Pages 69-96
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From page 69... ...
aboard a disabled submarine from exposure tO carbon monomde and tO evaluate the Navy's proposed submarine escape action levels (SEALs) , proposed to avert serious health effects and substantial degradation in crew performance from short-term exposures (up to 10 d)
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From page 70... ...
Ike amount of COHb depends mainly on the concentration and duration of carbon monoxide exposure, and the barometric pressure. To a lesser extent, it is also dependent on minute volume, blood volurne in lung capillaries, bodytemperature, rate of endogenous carbon monoxide production, average partial pressure of oxygen in the Jung capillaries, and the exact ratio of the affin~tyof blood for carbon monoxide and oxygen.
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From page 71... ...
If sufficiently prolonged, exposure at concentrations of 200-1,200 ppm can result in a progression of such hypoxic symptoms as headache, decreased night vision, abnormal visual evoked response, nausea, abnormal fine manual dexterity, vomiting,
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From page 72... ...
OHblo, controlvalue prior to carbon monoxide exposure; VcO, rate of endogenous carbon monoxide production. Source: Peterson and Stewart (1970~.
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From page 73... ...
Oxygen uptake, minute 1974 volume, and heart rate. 3.4 NR NR Deficit in driving skids.
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1970 estimate time lapse. 6.9 111 2 h and 15 No effect on vigilance, O'Hanion min heart rate, minute vol- 1975 ume.
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In creasecl minute volume, heart rate. Changes in P-waves.
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From page 76... ...
servect in heart rate, 1975, as other physiologic re- cited in spouses in smokers NRC 1985 and nonsmokers (agec! 22-55 ~ after long peri ods of activity.
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No changes in spinal and cranial nerve reflexes, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pres sure, respiratory rate, 23 NR NR muscle persistence time. No effect on .
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From page 78... ...
Some factors have been shown to modulate the clinical effects of carbon monoxide exposure. Greater oxygen demand in activelyexercising (versus sleeping patients enhances susceptibility to carbon monoxide intoxication (Meredith and Vale 1988~.
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From page 79... ...
In a retrospective study of bridge and tunnel officers exposed to carbon monomde at an average COHb concentration of less than 5%, Stern et al.
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From page 80... ...
Other studies have not corroborated effects on perceptual function and cognition at comparablylow COHb concentrations (Table 3-2~. Differences in expenmental design-in particular, in task duration -- have been suggested to be, at least partiaDyresponsible for the discrepant results (Beard and Grandstaff 1975; Gystal and Ginsberg 2000; Stewart 1976~.
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From page 81... ...
lye most striking change associated with the delayed syndrome is diffuse demyelination in the cerebral hemispheres. Unlike injurypattems that occur in the acute carbon mon
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From page 82... ...
exposure of experimental animals to carbon monoxide increases hemoglobin concentration and hennatocrit in several animal species. These effects were observed in exposures at 50 ppm for 6 mo (7.3% COOED in dogs ~usseEnan et al.1959)
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84 1 lo.
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From page 87... ...
Therefore, the SEAL values are higher than the corresponding EEGL values. SUBCOMMITTEE ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Submanne Escape Action Level 1 On the basis of its review of human and experimental animal health-effects and related data, the subcommittee concludes that the Navy?
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88 Cal a' = o O ~ Ed To ~ ~ o o '1 1 .
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From page 90... ...
When the oxygen pressure is low in the lung capillaries, as might be found in crew members on a disabled submarine, there is more unoxygenated hemoglobin for carbon monoxide to bind to. Therefore, carbon monoxide exposure becomes more dangerous to crew members in a submarine with lower oxygen concentration than one in which the oxygen concentrationis 20.95%.
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From page 91... ...
Pawlik 1980. Biochemical anal histological effects of intermittent carbon monoxide exposure in cynomolgus monkeys Maraca fascicularis)
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From page 92... ...
1980. Electrocardiographic changes in healthy men during continuous low-level carbon monoxide exposure.
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From page 93... ...
1989. Carbon monoxide exposure and human visual detectionthresholds.Neurotoxicol.Teratol.11(4)
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1971. Low level carbon monoxide exposure and human psychomotor performance.
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1970. An exploratory study of automobile driving performance under the influence of low levels of carboxyLemogiobin.
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1992. Mitochondrial oxidative stress after carbon monoxide hypoxia in the rat brain.
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