Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals (2002) / Chapter Skim
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4 Chlorine
4 Chlorine
Pages 97-131
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From page 97... ...
To protect the health of submarine personneluntilthey can be rescued submarine escape action levels (SEALs) are needed to avoid 97
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From page 98... ...
TOXlCOKINETIC CONSIDERATIONS There are few tox~cokinetic studies of chionne inhalation, and there have been no toxicokinetic studies on dermal exposure tO chlorine. Absorption Absorption of chlorine is primarily vie the upper respiratorytract.
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From page 99... ...
, regardless of administration route, with less than 5% of the inspired chIonne found beyond the upper airway and none found in the respiratory air spaces. Distribution Inhaled chlorine Is predominantly retained in the upper respiratory tract (NodeLnan and Eastman 1999a, b)
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From page 100... ...
In most of those studies, exposure to chlorine was high albeit not quantified. Overall, the studies indicate that exposure to high concentrations of chlorine causes effects In the respiratory tract (e.g., pulmonary edema, pneumonia, end tracheobronchitis)
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From page 101... ...
Immediate effects of exposure to chlorine include choking, coughing, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, loss of consciousness, and eye and nasal imtation (Abhyanl~r et al. 1989; Beach et al.
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From page 102... ...
Table 4-3 summaries some studies for which there are quantitative data on accidental exposure. We date from accidentalchIorine exposure support the conclusion that dose is related to type and severity of health effect, which can range from localized irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat; to life-threatening respiratory symptoms that include pulmonary edema and pneumonia; to death.
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103 .g o 'A o sit Cal o · Cal .q o ret t ' I .
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104 no Cot C)
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From page 106... ...
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From page 107... ...
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108 in, lo, in, Cal i, in, .
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From page 109... ...
109 ~ o _ cry Cat ~ 4-~ C)
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From page 110... ...
110 4 4= 4 4 .o o E 64 Cal .§ ~ to f' two o ~ o ~ ~ ~._.c ~ ~~ ~~ C ° A, ~ C C o ~ , .g O-~8 ~~ o V o ~ %= Or ~ Cal ~ ~ - ·3 ~—E .
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From page 111... ...
(clinical changes have been observed on x-rays, but not aL studies have addressed other potential causes, such as cigarette smoking or unrelated occupational exposures. EASE RIME NTAL ANIMAL TOXlGITY DATA Acute Exposures Acute inhalation exposure to chlorine has been shown to cause lethal and nonTethaltoxic effects in a variety of tests involving Laboratory animals.
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From page 112... ...
Rose studies reported trntation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and the eyes. Repeated Exposure Repeated or continuous exposure to chlorine has been studied in several animal species (Table 4-5~.
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From page 113... ...
1940 (as cited in \7E10 1982) Abbreviations: LC;o, median lethal concentration.
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114 .~ a 4= o Cd :~ o .~ Cal .5 a' i, hi of ' 1 1 .° .1 =~O Cal E ~ ~ ~ ~ c Cal ~8 ~ ~ Lo At, tr, .
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115 ~ ~ too ~ C is, C ~ ~ .
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116 '1 1 A; i0~ ~ i-4 o .~0 c ~ 2 2 co ~ ~ ` ~ ~ 0 ~ 2 5 A
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118 .D an i04 '1 1 ' 1 1 .° o C)
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From page 119... ...
119 to .s Cal ho ~ Cal =\ as; o I 1~ 6,Z, .
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120 .~ i, if ~05= 40 ' 1 1 o ._ .
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From page 121... ...
121 .~ ~ ~ Cat Cd ~ ~ AS ~ ~ ~ ~ =.S o ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ 0 ~ 'A · .
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From page 123... ...
1983~. Volunteers exposed at a concentration of 1 ppm for 8 h had transient pulmonaryfunction changes; however, volunteers exposed at a concentration of 0.5 ppm for 8 h had only trivial pulmonary function changes (Rotman et al.
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From page 124... ...
Abbreviations: ACGI~ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; AEGL, acute exposure guideline level; AIHA, American Industrial Hygiene Association; CEGL, continuous exposure guidance level; DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; EEGL, emergencyexposure guidance level; ERPG, emergencyresponse planning guidelines; IDLY immediately dangerous to life and health; MAK, maximum concentration values in the workplace; NAC, National Advisory Committee; NRC' National Research Council; OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; PEL, permissible exposure limit; REL, recommended exposure limit; STEL, short-term exposure limit; TLV, Threshold Limit Value; TWA, time-weighted average.
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From page 125... ...
Long-te~ exposure data for humans and animals is needed to approximate a disabled submarine situation. These studies should include evaluation of short-term effects on pulmonary function and long term effects such as pulmonary fibrosis.
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From page 126... ...
1975. Chlorine induced pulmonary function changes in rabbits.
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From page 127... ...
1990. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS)
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From page 128... ...
1986. Lung function after acute chlorine exposure.
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From page 129... ...
1982. Pulmonary function changes after acute inhalation of chlorine gas.
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From page 130... ...
Community Reactin to an Accidental Chlorine Exposure. Project Summit.
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From page 131... ...
1969. Late evaluation of pulmonary function after actue exposure to chlorine gas.
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