Spills of Emulsified Fuels Risks and Response (2002) / Chapter Skim
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4 Efficacy of Response: Summary and Evaluation of Available Information
4 Efficacy of Response: Summary and Evaluation of Available Information
Pages 66-80
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From page 66... ...
Most of the literature on response options for spills of emulsified fuels describes equipment and systems that are similar to those traditionally used to respond to spills but modified to have improved effectiveness for spills of emulsified fuels. However, because there have been no significant spills of emulsified fuels, the modified equipment and the strategies for their use have been untested in real cleanup situations.
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From page 67... ...
Many of the tests for equipment specifically designed for response to spills of Orimulsion products have been carried out on the open-ocean to determine the ability of responders to recover dispersed bitumen in that environment (Hvidbak and Masciangioli, 2000~. As is the case with most open-ocean oil spill response equipment, some equipment developed specifically for response to Orimulsion spills and evaluated during the documented tests, such as the Tar Hawg, the forced adhesion and floatation (FAF)
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From page 68... ...
However, the oil pumping systems and perhaps effectiveness and efficiency of heating systems tested devices may differ greatly for large uncontained spills On-water Disposable bladders or bags and Tank barges and tanks on storage tanks barges may be used skimming vessels, should have heating coils installed to facilitate offloading Disposal of Same as for other crude oil and oil Shoreside recycling and recovered products incineration are probably best weathered options available bitumen
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From page 69... ...
If available, the viscous oil recovery equipment developed for Orimulsion may enhance the recovery rate for resurfaced Group V oil (Garcia Tavel et al., 1997~. However, in order to make a difference, equipment such as the Tar Hawg, Oriboom, and other devices must be stockpiled in sufficient quantity at locations where the greatest potential for emulsified fuel spills exists (Middleton et al., 1995~.
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From page 70... ...
However, low effectiveness levels would be expected Long-skirted Because of faster response time, Recommended booming strategy containment this may be more effective in for containing dispersed bitumen boom containing bitumen prior to is a free-floating O-type extensive lateral dispersion configuration Skimming Faster response time for deep-skirted Same as for open-water marine boom and skimmer deployment, increased potential for natural re floating, increased on-station time for spotter aircraft On-water Same as for open-water marine storage Shoreline Same basic strategy as for heavy Ability to carry out exclusion, protection oils. Expanded use of geotech deflection, and diversion of materials, deep-skirted boom, and dispersed bitumen may require other products such as visqueen to further study cover shorelines prior to impact Shoreline Same basic strategy as for other Preferred use of salt water in cleanup heavy oils.
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From page 71... ...
EPA for use in the United States, should be conducted to determine their efficiency in removing stranded bitumen coatings from various shoreline types and to study the fate and effects of the released bitumen. As with other types of heavy oil, mechanized beach cleaners and other types of mechanical or manual recovery equipment are efficient in cleaning up stranded weathered bitumen from certain shorelines (Clement et al., 1997~.
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From page 72... ...
Furthermore, dredging is not a commonly used spill response technique, and the required equipment may not be readily available. NONTIDAL RIVER RESPONSE Because of the fresh water and current conditions in a river, an emulsified fuel spill is expected to remain in suspension and to become more dispersed as it spreads further downstream.
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From page 73... ...
Water significant influence on ability to sampling or remote sensing methods model the dispersed oil plume will be required, which have significant limitations Dispersant Not applicable because so little application bitumen is expected to float or re float Mechanical Even though response times should If suspended plume can be refloating and improve, containing dispersed diverted to a quiet backwater, this FAF of bitumen in tidal currents while may be an option dispersed attempting to re-float it will be emulsified oil difficult Long-skirted Because of tidal currents, even Set and drift of vessels supporting containment tear-dropped boom drifting with the re-floating and skimming boom current may not be able to contain operations will cause increased dispersed droplets for recovery. entrainment of bitumen from May consider diverting dispersed containment boom bitumen plume to quiet water for settling-dredging or re-floating operations Skimming Because of improved response times and less area, skimming operations should be as effective for floating emulsified fuels as would be expected for other oils On-water storage Same as open-ocean or nearshore Shoreline protection Shoreline cleanup Dredging Diver-directed pumping and vacuum systems Due to freshwater influence and less potential for "clumping" there may be less shoreline impact Due to freshwater influence and less potential for "clumping" there may be less shoreline impact Same as nearshore Same as nearshore Disposal Same as open-ocean
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From page 74... ...
If sufficient quantities of dispersed bitumen can be diverted to these quiet areas, then the PNP Re-floater or FAF principle could be considered as a response option. Based on limited experiments, the PNP Re-floater device is about 30 to 60 percent effective in re-floating dispersed bitumen in freshwater environments (Hvidbak and Masciangioli, 2000~.
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From page 75... ...
May be shortage of readily available sampling equipment and qualified technicians Dispersant Since emulsified fuels will remain None application in suspension in fresh water, dispersant will not be considered Mechanical re- In most cases, not a viable or Effectiveness of PNP Re-floater floating of efficient option. However, if and FAF has to be validated for dispersed dispersed bitumen can be diverted fresh water emulsified oil to a quiet water area, it may be tried Long-skirted May consider diversion or exclusion Specially designed booms with booming booming to protect water intakes or semi-permeable skirts might be sensitive areas.
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From page 76... ...
To ensure that only clean water was discharged downstream the effluent from any pumping operation to a dry out area could be routed through a filter box arrangement, or FAF or a PNP Refloater pumping system could be used to pump out the marsh water. In areas where the land is alternately wet and dry, emulsified fuels,
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From page 77... ...
For emulsified fuel that and equipment staging escapes the encapsulated area, river environment techniques would apply Sorbents and Same as rivers Containment should be improved polymers in this environment Storage Should not be limiting because of Facility response planning allows many shoreside options for advanced containment strategy and equipment staging Shoreline Limited to areas where re-floating None protection operations take place Shoreline Limited to areas where re-floating None cleanup operations take place Dredging Oil or bitumen that sinks should be None contained in the immediate vicinity of berth and readily recovered Diver-directed Oil or bitumen that sinks should be Bottom topography can be highly pumping and contained in the immediate vicinity variable, so divers may have to vacuum systems of berth and readily recovered direct recovery to zones of higher accumulation
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From page 78... ...
Removal of material contaminated sediments using heavy equipment or manual labor Shoreline Shoreline cleanup will be required Access will define type of cleanup cleanup on any surface where the product technique to large extent flowed across soil or vegetation and dried. Normal oil shoreline cleanup techniques will apply
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From page 79... ...
Environmental effect of pumping marsh dry Land farming Pump impacted marsh or wetland Environmental effect of pumping or area dry, and land-farm or fertilize marsh dry bioremediation to enhance biodegradation and bitumen in particular, are less likely to leach into the substrate than other heavy oils (Wood, 1996~. SUMMARY Because emulsified fuels are essentially predispersed, the most likely response actions will be monitoring of the dispersed plume and recovery of any refloated bitumen.
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From page 80... ...
However, only actual experience will determine if it is practical to re-float any type of dispersed oil and, if required, to determine whether the methodologies being suggested are logistical and practical for likely spill scenarios. Another proposed strategy is diversion or deflection of a dispersed plume using deepskirted booms; field tests should be conducted to validate this strategy and determine the physical and environmental limitations.
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