The Disposition Dilemma Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities (2002) / Chapter Skim
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7 International Approaches to Clearance
7 International Approaches to Clearance
Pages 125-135
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From page 125... ...
Appendix D summarizes the work on slightly radioactive solid material (SRSM) clearance standards by various entities within the United States, as well as major international efforts.
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From page 126... ...
To address concerns about the import-export of metal scrap with undetected levels of radioactivity above clearance limits, the Team of Specialists on Radioactive Contaminated Scrap Metal, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, has proposed the following (UNECE, 2001~: · The regulatory framework associated with the clearance of material should include provisions for prior notification to the receivers of the material of the origin of this material and the regulatory framework under which it is released. · When materials contaminated with naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM)
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From page 127... ...
The Soviet Union, and later Russia, produced uranium and plutonium for nuclear weapons at three closed atomic cities Ozersk, Seversk, and Zheleznogorsk which were founded to produce weapons-grade material and reprocess civilian nuclear fuel. Some of these materials may enter commerce as SRSM if cleared from one or all of these countries involved in the development of nuclear weapons, nuclear power, and other uses of radioactive materials in industry, medicine, and research.
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From page 128... ...
(Bq/g) Belgium Case-by-case France Nuclear power industry: moratorium on generic levels; case-by-case allowed Nonnuclear power industry: case-by-case Germany Nuclide specific, based on 10 ,uSv to a person in a year.
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From page 129... ...
Ongoing discussions among government organizations General regulations are under review for update to Directive 96/29/Euratomb Incorporation of Directive 96/29/ Euratomb for both power and non-power industries is in preparation, planned for mid-2001 Incorporation of Directive 96/29/Euratomb is in preparation Some debate on whether to replace SSK recommended levels with EC RP 122C clearance levels Legislation targeted for 2001 IAEA TECDOC-855 dose criteria are 10 ,uSv to a person in a year, plus collective dose of 1 person-Sv or optimization Ministerial order issued Dec. 31, 1991, requested nuclear industry to implement waste stream analysis Authorized release is possible, though rarely used Generic clearance levels may be required for nonnuclear power very low level waste Updated regulations targeted for fall 2001 Authorized release is possible (e.g., 4 Bq/g 60Co for landfill or incineration; 0.6 Bq/g 60Co for metals to be melted)
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From page 130... ...
(Bq/g) United Kingdom Case-by-case basis 0.4 Bq/g for non-naturally occurring radionuclides Naturally occurring radionuclides range from 0.37 to 11.1 Bq/g, depending on the nuclide United States DOE suspension of scrap metal for DOE moratorium on metals recycling USNRC: consistent with average USNRC: no general criteria of 0.017 Bq/cm2 for transuranics, 226Ra, and others to 0.83 Bq/cm2 for most pry emitters aIAEA (1996)
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From page 131... ...
Environmental Impact Statement needed before regulations are revised (d) Reuse of lead and lead products Table I of Regulatory Guide 1.86f for surface radioactivity Pending the improved release criteria and information management recycle of scrap metals Pending USNRC decision to establish national volumetric standards Ongoing USNRC study Basis for clearance is 10 ,uSv criterion Exemption orders exist that allow less restrictive clearance levels for naturally occurring radionuclides Other materials and equipment are released under DOE Order 5400.5,d which bases case-by-case approval on criteria of a small fraction of 1 ,uSv in a year and ALARAe Authorized release for disposal is possible on case-by-case basis d DOE (1993a)
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From page 132... ...
6~: No reporting need be required for practices involving the following: (a) radioactive substances where the quantities involved do not exceed in total the exemption values set out in Column 2 of Table A to Annex I or in exceptional circumstances in an individual Member State different values authorized by the competent authorities that nevertheless satisfy the basic criteria set out in Annex I; or (b)
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From page 134... ...
In addition, the Environmental Directorate of the EC has published the guidance document Radiation Protection 89: Recommended Radiological Protection Criteria for the Recycling of Metals from the Dismantling of Nuclear Installations (EC, 1998b) , which provides activity standards for both surface and volume contamination of solid materials.
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From page 135... ...
for the clearance of materials from regulatory control. A collective dose standard is also included, expressed as a committed dose equivalent of 1 man-Sv per year of exposure of the affected group (100 man-rem total effective dose equivalent per year)
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