The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases Understanding the Impact on Animal and Human Health: Workshop Summary (2002) / Chapter Skim
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4 Diagnosis and Control of Zoonotic Infections
4 Diagnosis and Control of Zoonotic Infections
Pages 64-78
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From page 64... ...
Basic anatomic pathology involves analyzing tissues from dead specimens, making observations, interpreting those findings, and following up with histopathology studies of samples under a microscope. In recent years, the advent of molecular pathology has heightened the power of diagnostic pathology.
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From page 65... ...
In today's changing world, with unknown disease threats, this is perhaps a good model for other fields to follow. At the Bronx Zoo, this philosophy of expecting the unexpected leads us to perform a necropsy on every animal that dies and to use a variety of techniques to study tissue samples.
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From page 66... ...
In particular, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota have developed what appears to be an effective regional surveillance system that integrates both veterinary and human public health. Lessons from their experience may help as the nation seeks to improve its ability to detect, prevent, and control zoonotic diseases.
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From page 67... ...
as a cause of AIDS, Legions pneumophi~ as the cause of Legionnaires' disease, Nipah virus as the cause of the 1998-99 outbreak of disease in Malaysia, and West Nile virus as the agent of disease emerging in the New York City area in 1999. The most promising method of assessing new disease involves parallel and multidisciplinary approaches: Clinical recognition.
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From page 68... ...
A virus that previously caused only mild enteritis now causes severe encephalitis or severe myocarditis.
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From page 69... ...
Implication of infectious agents in chronic diseases may be confounded because persistence requires restricted gene expression, classical hallmarks of infection are absent, and/or mechanisms of pathogenesis are indirect or subtle. Methods for cloning nucleic acids of microbial pathogens directly from clinical specimens offer new opportunities to investigate microbial associations in chronic
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From page 70... ...
Various methods are employed or proposed for cultivation-independent characterization of infectious agents. These can be broadly segregated into methods based on direct analysis of microbial nucleic acid sequences (e.g., DNA microarrays; consensus polymerase chain reaction, or PCR; representational difference analysis; differential display)
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From page 71... ...
After the entire viral genome was sequenced, it became apparent that the New York virus was virtually identical to a lineage I West Nile virus isolated from a goose in Israel in 1998. In contrast to West Nile virus, Borna disease virus, an agent associated with persistent infection, required considerably more effort to isolate, characterize, and implicate in human disease.
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From page 72... ...
for research into the pathogenesis and epidemiology of chronic infectious diseases. The future of microbial epidemiology in public health and clinical medicine depends on development of new tools for rapid, sensitive, molecular detection of infectious agents.
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From page 73... ...
Chief, Department of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunology Virology Division U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases 73 A well-educated immune system is the body's last and best defense against viral disease, and vaccines were almost singularly responsible for reducing the impact of many human viruses in the United States during the 20th century.
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From page 74... ...
First, because of its high human mortality rate and known aerosol infectivity, MBGV is restricted to Biosafety Level 4 laboratories; this automatically restricts the sites in which live virus research can be conducted and increases the overall time and expense. Second, there was a paucity of baseline scientific information to guide vaccine development: protective antigens had not been identified, the nature of protective immunity was almost completely unknown, a nonhuman primate mode!
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From page 75... ...
Classical Viral Vaccines Classical viral vaccines have exploited either killed viruses as immunogens or live but relatively benign "attenuated" versions of the virus. For MBGV, the efficacy of using killed viruses was in doubt: tests had shown that inactivated MBGV protected only about 40 percent of guinea pigs and 50 percent of nonhuman primates, an observation consistent with the dubious efficacy of killed Ebola virus vaccines.
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From page 76... ...
RNA Vaccines Using the same GP antigen gene as for the DNA immunization, this approach bypasses the DNA requirement by reshaping a virus that consists of RNA and copies itself and its proteins in a wholly RNA mode (thus, RNA makes RNA makes protein)
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From page 77... ...
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases took a significant step in this direction in 1999 by requesting applications for "Vaccine Immunology Basic Research Centers." However, this is a relatively modest initiative, and its emphasis is on vaccine immunology and high-impact human diseases, not on emerging or .
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From page 78... ...
For other agents, secure the scientific underpinnings. The antigen requirements of a modern vaccine will remain relatively unchanged once discovered and well defined, as will the phenotype of a protective immune response.
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