Marine Biotechnology in the Twenty-First Century Problems, Promise, and Products (2002) / Chapter Skim
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Biomedical Applicaions of Marine Natural Products: Overview of the 2001 Workshop
Biomedical Applicaions of Marine Natural Products: Overview of the 2001 Workshop
Pages 3-28
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One examined issues limiting the application of biotechnology to marine environmental science (October 1999; National Research Council, 2000) , and the other examined issues surrounding biomedical benefits from marine natural products (November 20011.
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This expectation is predicated on a continued and determined effort by academic scientists, government researchers, and private industry to discover new and improved drug therapies. Natural products have had a crucial role in identifying novel chemical entities with useful drug properties (Newman et al., 20001.
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BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OFMARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS TABLE 1 Some Examples of Commercially Available Marine Bioproducts Product Application Original Source Pharmaceuticals Ara-A (acyclovir) Antiviral drug Marine sponge, (herpes infections)
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, marine organisms from the deep-sea floor, mid-water habitats, and high-latitude marine environments and most of the sea surface itself have not been studied. The reason for this deficiency is primarily financial: oceanographic expeditions are expensive, and neither federal nor pharmaceutical-industry funding has been available to support oceanographic exploration and discovery of novel marine resources.
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nee( I With the enormous potential for discovery, development, and marketing of novel marine bioproducts comes the obligation to develop methods for supplying these products without disrupting the ecosystem or depleting the resource.
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Continuous technological advances are needed in analytical chemistry associated with marine drug discovery to keep pace with comparable advances in biological screening of natural materials. Currently, investigators do not have access to a broad range of biological assays for marine bioproduct discovery.
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With more complete genome sequences available from novel organisms, it will be more likely that an analog to human mutations can be found in a convenient test organism. Of critical importance in the development of new models is the availability of genome sequences from marine organisms.
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Representations of the entire metabolic potential of microorganisms derived from the application of bioinformatics have indicated the presence of hitherto unsuspected metabolic pathways in even some very-well-characterized bacteria. Such genomic information provides a new basis for understanding physiological processes, such as responses of indicator species to environmental changes, stimuli that cause
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With recent decreases in sequencing costs and increases in the number of high throughput sequencing facilities at private, governmental, and nonprofit laboratories in the United States, complete genome sequencing of many established and novel model organisms, including eukaryotic marine organisms, is realistically attainable (Fraser, p. 66 in this report)
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. The scientific community at large must take responsibility for many of these pragmatic considerations, selection of appropriate model species for sequencing, maintenance of publicly accessible databases, and determination of the relative value of finished genome versus draft sequencing.
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Therefore, microarrays can be useful tools to examine gene expression patterns of a model organism in response to a variety of stimuli. That capability makes them powerful new diagnostic tools with applications in environmental monitoring, bioremediation, and drug discovery and reiterates the importance of careful selection by the scientific community of model organisms for complete genome sequencing.
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. Analogously, the genes responsible for the production of bioactive molecules by marine eukaryotes or prokaryotes can be more quickly determined after the genome sequence of the model organism is determined and a complete genome array constructed.
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Recommendations to Enhance the Application of Genomics and Proteomics to Marine Biotechnology . Incorporate genome sequencing, proteomics, and bioinformatics with nonculture-based methods to survey diverse marine environments and improve screening methods for uncultured microbes.
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Applying these tools to the marine environment provides opportunities to unlock similar micro-molecular vaults of marine biomedical products so that they can join other macro-biomaterials already harvested from the sea for thousands of years. Novel Characteristics of Macro-Biomaterials from Marine Organisms Marine biomaterials are a heterogeneous group of organic-, ceramic-, and polysaccharide-based polymers that hold promise for a variety of new approaches to the treatment of disease (see White and White, p.
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Marine organisms can provide many more novel models for biomolecular materials design. New biotechnologies have been introduced for biocompatible, selflimiting, implantable biomedical devices based on "storage biopolymers," such as polyhydroxyalkanoates, which are abundant in marine microorganisms (see Laurencin, p.
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Applications for Novel Marine Biomaterials There are many areas in which a better understanding of physiological processes in marine organisms may improve the development of biomedical tools. For example, coral growth and healing may improve the understanding of bone development and healing.
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Intellectual Property Rights and Technology Transfer The commercial development of marine bioproducts is complex, timeconsuming, expensive, and risky (see Gerhart, p. 94 in this report)
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, and ideas have been licensed for commercial development (Table 31. Despite these successes, there are concerns that the potential of many marine bioproducts is being compromised because the transition from labo
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To overcome these bottlenecks it is necessary to educate marine scientists more aggressively about intellectual property rights and regulatory processes. That education should result in increased invention disclosure rates that will preserve nascent patent rights and ensure that more products are available for commercialization.
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Sustainability is one of the central challenges in further development of marine biotechnology, and it must be addressed before large-scale marine harvests can begin. Innovative approaches to partnerships between stakeholders can help to support access to marine resources and to ensure their development as sustainable assets.
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. Newman, National Cancer Institute, Natural Products Branch, Frederick, Md.
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· Encourage academic rewards for transitional research between academic and industry scientists to facilitate the commercialization of marine bioproducts. · Develop innovative approaches to partnerships between stakeholders to support access to ocean resources and to ensure their use as sustainable assets.
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2001. Marine natural products.
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2000. The influence of natural products upon drug discovery.
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Repeat-associated phase variable genes in the complete genome sequence of Neisseriameningitidis strain MC58. Molecular Microbiology 37:207-215.
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2000. Multiple hyphenation of liquid chromatography with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and beyond.
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