The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264 (2002) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix C - Analysis of the CMAQ Database
Appendix C - Analysis of the CMAQ Database
Pages 178-210
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From page 178... ...
The FHWA CMAQ database for each fiscal year provides the fol lowing information on individual projects in each state: · A brief text description of the project; · Project type; · Amount obligated for the project in the fiscal year; and · Estimated emission reductions in kilograms per day for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) , nitrogen oxides (NOx)
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From page 179... ...
Construction funding for park-and-ride lot at MD108/MD32 Hillsborough County video surveillance system Additional design cost for grade-separated interchange Roadway/geometric/signal improvements City of Wilmington signals US-17N in Myrtle Beach, closed-loop signal system Purchase of 40 large passenger buses SORTA FY 1995 Clean Air Fare Subsidy With regard to project type classifications, the program guidance document (FHWA 1992, 1213) 1 asks states to classify CMAQ proj ects as follows: · Transit: construction, equipment, or operating expenses for new and improved services and parking for transit services.
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From page 180... ...
or CMAQ. Also, other states receiving the minimum apportionment may use a portion of their CMAQ funds for any project eligible for federal funding under the Surface Transportation or CMAQ programs under certain circumstances.3 In the CMAQ database, these projects are designated as "STP/CMAQ." States are required to provide the amount of CMAQ funds obligated for each project (or project category where groups of projects are ana lyzed together)
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From page 181... ...
The categories and subcategories are as follows: · Transit Alternative-fuel vehicles Conventional fuel transit vehicles Park-and-ride facilities Station and bus stop improvements Transit service expansion Other transit improvements · Traffic flow Congestion and incident management HOV lanes Traffic signal improvements Traveler information Turn lanes and other intersection improvements Other traffic flow improvements 4A comparison of CMAQ data compiled from FMIS by the Surface Transportation Policy Project for FY 19921997 and FHWA's CMAQ database for the same years showed a significant undercount for many project categories. For example, in FMIS, bicycle and pedestrian projects that are part of larger improvements never appear as separate projects in the database.
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From page 182... ...
However, about 25 percent of the project amounts originally assigned as "demand management" were reassigned to other categories on the basis of the project description. Also, about 20 percent of the projects originally assigned as "STP/CMAQ" were reassigned to cate gories that were more descriptive of project type (mostly to "traffic flow" and "transit")
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From page 183... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 183 Ride 10% 9% 4% Shared Ped/Bike Mgmt STP/CMAQ 7% 6% Other Demand Projects of database.) Number By Flow CMAQ 21% 43% Transit Traffic FHWA (Source: Ride 5% 4% 3% STP/CMAQ Flow Ped/Bike Shared 33% 19921999.
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From page 184... ...
Alternative-fuel vehicles 40 0.6 Paving and sweeping to reduce PM 55 0.9 Rail freight 23 0.4 Vehicle inspection and maintenance 264 4.2 All other improvements 94 1.5 Subtotal 476 7.6 Grand total 6,300 100.0
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From page 185... ...
These types of projects provide benefits in addition to emission reductions, such as time savings to highway and transit users. Types of projects for which most of the benefits are emission reductions or energy savings- alternative-fuel vehicles, paving and sweeping to reduce PM, and vehicle inspection and maintenance -- account for only about 8 per cent of CMAQ obligations.
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From page 186... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 186 3.1 Total 12.7 1.5 4.8 7.2 14.9 44.1 8.1 4.6 8.5 1.3 4.7 5.9 33.1 1999 1.9 14.2 2.1 5.5 13.5 15.4 52.6 10.5 1.8 4.7 0.4 2.8 4.9 25.2 FY 1998 1.5 8.7 0.7 5.2 1.8 15.9 33.8 4.6 1.8 8.8 1.1 3.6 15.0 35.0 FY 1997 4.3 9.3 0.8 4.5 2.2 13.1 34.1 8.0 7.8 10.7 0.6 11.4 4.8 43.3 FY Year 1996 2.6 9.5 1.3 5.4 6.8 14.2 39.8 7.7 8.7 12.0 0.2 7.0 2.6 38.2 Fiscal FY for 1995 3.5 15.5 1.2 4.6 13.3 13.1 51.2 9.9 2.4 8.5 0.7 3.2 4.6 29.4 FY Percentage Year 1994 2.9 17.1 1.5 2.3 4.3 12.6 40.6 10.8 0.8 9.6 1.8 2.6 9.8 35.3 FY Fiscal Each 1993 6.9 11.1 2.5 3.6 6.4 18.1 48.6 5.3 0.8 7.4 6.4 2.9 4.5 27.2 for FY Project 1992 0.3 17.8 1.4 9.4 0.0 20.9 49.8 1.9 23.5 5.7 0.8 4.0 0.1 36.0 of FY Type by improvements vehicles management Obligations improvements intersection transit vehicles stop improvements facilities expansions incident other CMAQ bus improvements improvements and and flow and service information C-2 Category transit signal flow lanes lanes traffic Subcategory ABLE Alternative-fuel Conventional-fuel Park-and-ride Station Transit Other Subtotal Congestion HOV Traffic Traveler Turn Other Subtotal T Project and Transit Traffic
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From page 187... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 187 1.4 2.4 3.8 3.2 0.8 2.1 2.9 5.4 0.6 0.9 0.4 4.2 1.5 7.6 100.0 0.5 2.5 2.9 2.7 0.6 1.5 2.1 3.3 0.0 0.9 0.1 9.9 0.2 11.1 100.0 1.0 2.7 3.7 4.4 1.2 2.4 3.5 7.9 0.6 1.1 0.3 8.9 0.8 11.7 100.0 1.3 1.7 3.1 4.9 0.2 2.3 2.4 6.1 1.3 0.4 0.8 2.3 1.2 6.0 100.0 1.2 1.6 2.8 4.0 1.8 2.5 4.2 5.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.8 2.9 5.9 100.0 3.0 2.0 5.0 1.5 0.8 1.9 2.7 3.5 1.5 0.8 0.9 2.6 0.9 6.7 100.0 1.1 3.1 4.2 2.2 1.1 3.1 4.3 6.3 0.8 2.5 0.2 2.5 1.1 7.1 100.0 1.6 4.0 5.6 3.0 0.2 1.7 2.0 6.8 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.1 4.9 6.8 100.0 0.8 2.1 2.9 3.0 0.0 1.2 1.2 6.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 100.0 PM reduce maintenance to and facilities ride reduction management vehicles bicycle sweeping trip and unclassifiable) and inspection improvements ride shared management demand (and freight other total Park-and-ride Other Subtotal Employee Other Subtotal Alternative-fuel Paving Rail Vehicle All Subtotal Shared Pedestrian Demand STP/CMAQ Other Grand
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From page 188... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 188 FY1999 obligations, Vehicles FY1998 Improvements Transit Vehicles Stop CMAQ Facilities Expansions Fuel Improvements Bus FY1997 and Service Transit allfo Alternative-Fuel Conventional Park-and-Ride Station Transit Other FY1996 percent as FY1995 FY1994 projects FY1993 Transit C-2 year. FY1992 fiscal 0.0% Figure 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% by
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From page 189... ...
· CMAQ obligations for all traffic flow projects exhibit no clear trend. They range from 25 percent of total CMAQ obligations in FY 1999 to 43 percent in FY 1997.
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From page 190... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 190 FY1999 obligations, FY1998 CMAQ FY1997 all of FY1996 Imp. percent as Management FY1995 Intersection Improvements Incident Other rojectsp Improvements Flow and and FY1994 Information Signal flow Lanes Lanes Traffic Congestion HOV Traffic Traveler Turn Other FY1993 Traffic C-3 year.
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From page 191... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 191 FY1999 Facilities Ride obligations, FY1998 Shared Park-and-Ride Other CMAQ FY1997 all of FY1996 percent as FY1995 projects FY1994 ride FY1993 Shared C-4 year. FY1992 fiscal 0.0% Figure 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% by
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From page 192... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 192 obli Y1999F CMAQ Y1998F all of Y1997F percent as Y1996F projects Y1995F bicycle and FY1994 year. FY1993 Pedestrian fiscal C-5 by FY1992 0.0% Figure 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% gations,
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From page 193... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 193 FY1999 CMAQ all Reduction Management Y1998F of Trip Demand Employee Other percent FY1997 as FY1996 projects FY1995 FY1994 management year. fiscal FY1993 Demand by C-6 FY1992 0.0% Figure 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% obligations,
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From page 194... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 194 FY1999 FY1998 obligations, CMAQ FY1997 all of Y1996F percent as FY1995 projects FY1994 FY1993 STP/CMAQ C-7 year. FY1992 fiscal 0.0% Figure 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% by
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From page 195... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 195 FY1999 PM obligations, FY1998 Reduce to Maintenance and CMAQ Vehicles all Sweeping FY1997 Improvements of and Inspection Freight Other Alternative-Fuel Paving Rail Vehicle All FY1996 percent as FY1995 projects FY1994 Other FY1993 C-8 year. FY1992 fiscal Figure by 0.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0%
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From page 196... ...
In the other four regions, transit projects account for less than 25 percent of all CMAQ obligations. · Projects involving conventional fuel transit vehicles range from less than 2 percent of total CMAQ obligations in Regions 6 and 8 to 26 percent of total CMAQ obligations in Region 3.
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From page 197... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 197 1 ionge R 2 ionge 3 R ionge R 4 5 ionge ionge R R 7 regions. ionge R 6 9 ionge R Region 8 Transportation ionge of R 9 10 10 ionge ionge Department R Region U.S.
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From page 198... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 198 3.1 Total 12.7 1.5 4.8 7.2 14.9 44.1 8.1 4.6 8.5 1.3 4.7 5.9 33.1 01 4.1 13.1 5.2 1.9 2.3 20.1 46.6 0.8 1.2 4.1 0.0 0.4 3.2 9.7 5.9 19.7 0.0 1.8 13.3 18.3 59.0 6.4 16.4 6.8 0.2 0.8 1.7 32.4 0.3 1.6 0.0 0.4 0.6 1.8 4.7 4.6 3.6 13.4 0.0 3.5 1.1 26.1 0.0 9.3 0.4 0.8 0.0 11.6 22.0 9.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 7.4 3.6 27.0 Region 2.6 1.3 0.5 4.1 2.1 11.2 21.8 22.8 3.9 8.3 2.0 8.0 12.0 57.1 for 4.6 19921999) 13.3 3.4 8.1 5.1 10.0 44.4 7.9 0.4 12.4 0.3 4.5 8.3 33.8 Percentage (FY 456789 1.6 5.6 0.0 1.9 6.3 9.4 24.8 13.7 1.4 14.5 3.4 12.5 6.8 52.5 Region Each 3 1.7 26.2 2.3 1.6 11.4 9.2 52.4 4.8 0.5 8.3 0.6 4.4 13.4 32.0 for 2 2.0 8.7 0.4 9.4 1.1 25.1 46.7 5.9 0.5 5.3 3.7 5.3 4.3 25.1 Project of 1 1.0 9.7 4.9 9.5 16.5 14.7 56.3 3.1 3.0 7.2 0.4 3.5 1.8 19.0 Type by vehicles management Obligations improvements intersection transit vehicles stop improvements facilities expansions incident other CMAQ bus improvements improvements and and flow and service information C-3 Category transit signal flow lanes lanes traffic Subcategory improvements ABLE Alternative-fuel Conventional-fuel Park-and-ride Station Transit Other Subtotal Congestion HOV Traffic Traveler Turn Other Subtotal T Project and Transit Traffic
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From page 199... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 199 1.4 2.4 3.8 3.2 0.8 2.1 2.9 5.4 0.6 0.9 0.4 4.2 1.5 7.6 100.0 1.2 2.4 3.6 18.7 0.5 4.3 4.8 2.5 0.3 8.8 0.0 2.0 2.9 14.1 100.0 0.3 2.1 2.4 2.3 0.6 0.7 1.3 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.7 100.0 2.0 6.2 8.3 4.6 0.1 1.3 1.5 48.2 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.6 1.5 6.6 100.0 0.5 1.7 2.2 0.1 0.2 1.0 1.2 29.5 0.0 10.3 0.0 0.6 7.1 18.0 100.0 1.8 2.1 3.9 2.1 0.6 1.4 2.0 10.2 2.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.4 2.9 100.0 0.6 1.9 2.5 3.3 0.1 1.6 1.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 11.8 2.2 14.3 100.0 0.2 3.7 3.9 2.7 0.1 3.8 3.9 8.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.6 3.6 100.0 5.4 1.8 7.1 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.6 2.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.8 3.7 100.0 0.9 1.5 2.4 4.6 0.9 4.3 5.2 2.5 1.1 0.0 1.5 10.4 0.6 13.6 100.0 2.0 4.4 6.4 1.7 4.3 2.4 6.7 2.6 1.1 0.0 1.2 3.2 1.8 7.3 100.0 PM reduce maintenance to and facilities ride reduction management vehicles bicycle sweeping trip and unclassifiable) and inspection improvements ride shared management demand (and freight total other Park-and-ride Other Subtotal Employee Other Subtotal Alternative-fuel Paving Rail Vehicle All Subtotal Shared Pedestrian Demand STP/CMAQ Other Grand
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From page 200... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 200 01 obligations, CMAQ all Vehicles of Improvements Transit Vehicles Stop Facilities Expansions Fuel Improvements Bus Region percent and Service Transit as Alternative-Fuel Conventional Park-and-Ride Station Transit Other projects Transit C-10 123456789 region. 0.0% Figure 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% by
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From page 201... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 201 01 Imp. Management 9 Intersection bligations,o Improvements Incident Other Improvements Flow and and Information Signal CMAQ Lanes Lanes Traffic Congestion HOV Traffic Traveler Turn Other 78 allfo 6 Region percentsa projects 345 flow Traffic C-11 12 region.
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From page 202... ...
Demand Management (Figure C-14) Demand management projects range from about 1 percent of total CMAQ obligations in Regions 7 and 9 to 7 percent in Region 1.
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From page 203... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 203 60.0% Park-and-Ride Facilities 50.0% Other Shared Ride 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Region Figure C-12 Shared ride projects as percent of all CMAQ obligations, by region. 60.0% 50.0% Pedestrian and Bicycle 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Region Figure C-13 Pedestrian and bicycle projects as percent of all CMAQ obligations, by region.
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From page 204... ...
0660-09/Appendix C 6/12/02 4:28 PM Page 204 60.0% Employee Trip Reduction 50.0% Other Demand Management 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Region Figure C-14 Demand management projects as percent of all CMAQ obligations, by region. 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Region Figure C-15 STP/CMAQ projects as percent of all CMAQ obligations, by region.
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From page 205... ...
also requires states to provide estimates of emission reductions in kilo grams per day for VOCs, NOx, CO, and PM10. Table C-4 shows the number of FY 19921999 projects with estimates of emission reduc tions for each project type.
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From page 206... ...
Similar though somewhat more erratic patterns are seen for estimates of the other pollutants. The units for reporting emission reductions in the CMAQ database -- kilograms per day -- present a problem in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of CMAQ projects.
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From page 207... ...
Percent of Projects with Quantitative Estimates of Total Type of Project Projects VOCs CO NOx PM10 Transit 1,609 62.5 38.2 51.5 7.5 Traffic flow 3,206 65.6 35.7 40.0 1.1 Shared ride 740 66.2 38.6 52.7 6.1 Pedestrian/bicycle 700 56.7 40.3 46.0 7.7 Demand management 484 63.0 35.7 52.1 5.8 STP/CMAQ 336 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 499 34.5 19.4 26.1 18.2 Grand total 7,574 59.0 34.3 42.3 4.9
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From page 208... ...
Frequently, these projects appear in the CMAQ databases for different years with identical estimates of emission reductions, even when the amount of funds in each year differs greatly.
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From page 209... ...
Traffic flow projects range from about 10 to nearly 60 per cent of total CMAQ obligations, also depending on the region. Three problems limit the usefulness of the database in estimating the cost-effectiveness of CMAQ projects in providing emission reductions: · Emission reductions are stated in kilograms per day, and project lives are not given.
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From page 210... ...
Add information on project life to the database, so that total emission reductions can be calculated for project cost-effectiveness analyses; and 2. Report total cost for a project (including costs in all years whether covered by CMAQ or other funding sources)
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