National Capacity in Forestry Research (2002) / Chapter Skim
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3. Current Forestry-Research Capacity in the United States
3. Current Forestry-Research Capacity in the United States
Pages 42-81
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From page 42... ...
Research on forest products and use conducted by the USDA Forest Service, for example, has contributed to the development of knowledge and technology that have tripled the amount of fiber available for use from trees within the last 100 years (Lewis, 2000~. Research on recycling of wood-based products has increased paper-recovery rates from 25 percent to 45 percent of fiber (Lewis, 2000~.
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From page 43... ...
Research and monitoring are essential in the development of efficient approaches to developing intensive timber plantations, restoring degraded forests to better functioning ecologic systems, and providing the amenity and spintual values that are sought by people. ASSESSING FORESTRY-RESEARCH CAPACITY Just as monitoring of forests is necessary to ensure future growth and sustainability, monitoring the status of forestry research is important to ensure future strength and capacity.
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From page 44... ...
Interdisciplinary projects typically involve scientists from other work units, other parts of the Forest Service, other agencies, and universities. Forest Service trends in forestry research are by no means the only indicator of forestry-research capacity, but they provide accessible measures to obtain and track.
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From page 45... ...
Forestry-Research Statistics for USDA Forest Service, FY 1980-2002.a Fiscal Appropriations, Extramural Funding, Scientist- Research Research Year millions of $ millions of $ Yearsb Locations Work Actual Constant Actual Constant NO (FTE) Units 1980 1980 Appro pnations 1980 111.5 111.5 10.6 10.6 9.5 964 86 248 1981 108.5 98.7 14.2 12.9 13.1 958 85 242 1982 112.1 95.3 10.8 9.1 9.5 908 83 235 1983 107.7 87.5 9.3 7.5 8.6 838 80 219 1984 109.4 85.6 7.7 6.0 7.0 813 77 207 1985 121.7 92.0 7.5 5.6 6.0 799 77 200 1986 120.1 88.4 10.4 7.6 8.6 734 78 199 1987 132.7 94.9 14.6 10.4 11.0 713 78 200 1988 135.5 93.6 18.3 12.6 13.5 724 76 190 1989 137.9 91.3 11.1 7.3 8.0 714 75 191 1990 144.7 92.0 13.2 8.4 9.1 716 75 190 1991 168.4 102.7 18.7 11.4 11.1 720 76 183 1992 181.3 107.4 29.6 17.5 16.3 714 78 183 1993 183.8 106.2 26.9 15.5 14.6 718 79 185 1994 193.1 108.9 21.5 12.1 11.1 720 78 185 1995 193.5 106.6 25.8 14.2 13.3 721 76 185 1996 178.0 96.1 14.7 7.9 8.2 692 69 185 1997 179.8 95.3 17.2 9.1 9.5 642 68 166 1998 187.8 98.4 17.6 9.2 9.3 633 67 137 1999 197.4 102.1 23.2 11.4 11.8 N/A 67 137 2000 217.7 104.3 21.6 10.3 9.9 841 N/A 137 2001 229.1 106.5 22 10.2 9.6 743 N/A 133 2002C 241.3 110.3 N/A N/A N/A 723 N/A 133 a Includes appropriated accounts only; excludes reimbursable accounts; b Scientist-year figures include term appointments of post-doctoral students.
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From page 46... ...
personal cornrnunication, October 1999; USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC, 2002 Budget Justification.
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From page 47... ...
There has been a substantial shift in the classification of the Forest Service research scientists among disciplines. The greatest apparent reduction in expertise in the research branch is in the forester classification, from 350 in FY 1985 to 136 in FY 1999 (from 36 percent to 25 percent of the totals)
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From page 48... ...
research analyst 7 1 2 0 0 0 0 801 General engineer 32 25 28 29 23 26 22 807 Landscape architect 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 808 Architect 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 810 Supvyres.civilengineer 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 819 Env~ronmentalengineer 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 830 Mechanicaleng~neer 14 9 8 7 4 3 3 855 Elec~icalengineer 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 893 Chem~caleng~neer 11 6 8 6 4 6 6 896 Industrial engineer 3 2 3 2 2 2 0 1301 Physical scientist 3 1 3 5 5 5 6 1310 Physicist 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 1315 Mycologist 19 21 21 13 13 14 13 1320 Chemist 41 19 21 21 16 18 21 1340 Meteorologist 12 8 9 9 9 10 8 1350 Geologist 5 4 4 4 5 5 3 1380 Forest products 63 43 31 25 21 18 13 technologist 1520 Mathematical 5 1 2 4 2 2 2 1529 Mathematical statistician 30 17 16 14 11 13 12 1530 Biological statistician 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 Total 985 736 723 607 548 552 sl7 a Source: Nov.
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From page 49... ...
. Table 3-4 shows the total reported publications summarized in the Forest Service research stations and RWU attainment reports, including internal publications by Forest Service scientists and external publications by cooperating scientists.
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From page 50... ...
oo is - ~ am cr o x oN ~ oN Go 1 CJ~ ~ x Go - ~ ~ ~ · - · - oo c)
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From page 51... ...
The Council provides advice related to the Forest Service research program and reports to the Secretary on regional and national planning and coordination of forestry research within the Federal and State agencies concerned with developing and utilizing the Nation's forest resources, forestry schools, and the forest industries. In addition, the Council provides advice to the Secretary on the apportionment of funds for the McTntire-Stennis Program.
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From page 52... ...
The charter of the Council provides it with the authority to make recommendations on funding, planning and coordination of forestry research. The opportunity for greater involvement of all sectors concerned with forestry research exists.
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From page 53... ...
Many colleges and schools have added departments that contribute to forestry research and teaching capacity but are not included in the totals in Table 3-5. The South and the Lake States had slight declines in numbers of forestry faculty; the Midwest had a large decline.
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From page 54... ...
Region and Institution Number of Faculty 1984 - 1985 198~1987 1993—1994 East University of Connecticut 8 5 6 University of Maine 27 29 24 University of Massachusetts 20 21 33 University ofNew Hampshire 15 15 16 Rutgers College 13 13 15 Comell University 27 31 42 State University of New York-CESF 120 121 106 Pennsylvania State 45 43 38 University of Rhode Island 10 10 10 University of Vermont 25 25 29 Virginia Tech 53 56 58 West Virginia University 38 40 29 Subtotal, East 401 409 406 Lake States Michigan State University 25 27 21 University of Michigan 51 59 33 Michigan Technological University 15 13 21 University of Minnesota 43 44 47 University of Wisconsin 42 47 42 Subtotal, :Lake States 176 190 164 Midwest University ofUlinois 21 18 18 Southern Illinois University 13 12 11 Purdue University 32 31 24 Iowa State University 12 12 13 Kansas State University 4 4 4 University of Missoun 34 34 19 University of Nebraska 9 9 5 Ohio State University 19 19 16 Subtotal, Midwest 144 139 Il0 Rocky Mountains University of Arizona 37 40 37 Northem Arizona University 12 19 23 Colorado State University 20 16 21 University of Idaho 51 54 39 University of Montana 28 30 35 Utah State University 16 17 14 Subtotal, Rocky Mountains 164 176 169 West University of Califomia-Berkeley 37 36 47 Humboldt State College 12 14 12 University of Alaska-Fairbanks 7 6 7
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From page 55... ...
b Source: USDA Cooperative States Research Service Agricultural Handbook No. 305: 198~1987 Directory of Professional Workers in State Agricultural Experiment Stations and Other Cooperating State Institutions.
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From page 56... ...
Most of the results of the environmental research are available to the public and the general scientific community, whereas most of the results of the timber-productivity research are not. Total Forestry Research Workforce by Sector, Function, and Sustainable Forest Management Criteria A recent survey conducted by the USDA Forest Service (2002)
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From page 57... ...
The reported forest industry research workforce estimate was smaller than previously estimated, at 124 persons rather than several hundred. It should be noted that dozens to perhaps more than ~ 00 scientists are involved in forestry research through state organizations, federal environmental agencies, and domestic and international environmental nongovernrnent organizations.
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From page 58... ...
Forestry Scientists by Sector, Function, and SFM Criterion, 2001. Sustainable Forest Management Criterion 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: NO Biological Productive Ecosystem Soil and Carbon Socio- Institutional By Diversity Capacity Health Water Cycles economics Framework Total Function Academic Institutions Teaching 155 85 50 77 28 131 72 596 44 Research 136 96 53 84 47 114 45 575 42 Extension 27 40 25 26 3 48 22 190 14 Subtotal 318 221 128 186 77 293 138 1361 100 %By 23 16 9 14 6 22 10 100 Cnter~on USDA Forest Service Teaching 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Research 112 158 156 86 41 80 25 658 94 Extension 9 3 10 6 1 10 3 42 6 Subtotal 122 161 166 92 43 90 27 701 100 %By 17 23 24 13 6 13 4 100 Cnter~on Forest Industry Teaching 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 Research 10 67 5 20 3 9 0 112 91 Extension 1 8 1 2 0 0 0 11 9 Subtotal 10 75 5 22 3 10 0 124 100 %By 8 60 4 17 2 8 0 100 Anterior All Sectors Teaching 155 85 50 77 28 132 72 598 27 Research 258 321 214 189 91 203 70 1346 62 Extension 37 51 35 34 4 59 24 243 11 TotalA11 450 457 299 300 122 393 166 2186 100 Functions %by 21 21 14 14 6 18 8 100 Criterion Total Research Only onto by Criterion 258 321 214 19 24 Source: USDA Forest Service 2002 Notes: Data may not add exactly due to rounding 189 91 203 70 1346 16 14 7 15 5 100
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From page 59... ...
Forest Service Research Support Support for Forest Service research encompasses several components, including direct research appropriations, construction appropriations, and reimbursable expenses. Trends for appropriated Forest Service research dollars are summarized in Table 3-~.
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From page 60... ...
The 1990 National Research Council report on forestry research called for a reorientation of research (and forest management) to address environmental concerns.
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From page 61... ...
The McIntire-Stennis funds provide a foundation for maintaining forestry research at qualifying institutions. This relatively reliable source of funds has undoubtedly allowed the expansion of university forestry-research capacity throughout the country.
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From page 62... ...
They are particularly important for providing reasonable stability, especially for long-term research, which is important to adequately address foundation and emerging issues (University of Idaho, 1983~. McIntire-Stennis funds may also be spent on forestry research in other departments or colleges, depending on agreements in individual states.
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From page 63... ...
Formula funds for forestry research are also provided under the Hatch Act, as part of the general federal support for the state land grant agricultural experiment stations. A modest amount of the Hatch funds is allocated to forestry research.
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From page 64... ...
For FY 1980-1997, sunnnary data of McIntire-Stennis Program expenditures on form AD419 to USDA Current Research Information System by recipient
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From page 65... ...
Location Institution Amount, $ Alabama, Auburn Auburn University 716,214 Alaska, Fairbanks University of Alaska 446,158 Arizona, Flagstaff Northern Arizona University 144,704 Arizona, Tucson University of Arizona 147,849 Arkansas, Fayetteville Agricultural Experiment Station, University of 605,514 Arkansas California, San Luis Obispo California Polytechnic State University 97,538 California, Arc ata California State University, Humboldt 93,154 California, Berkeley University of California 455,176 Colorado, Fort Collins Colorado State University 337,309 Connecticut, New Haven Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 171,346 Connecticut, Storrs Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, University of 57,115 Connecticut Delaware, Newark University of Delaware, Agricultural Experiment 65,185 Station Florida, Gainesville Agricultural Experiment Station, University of 553,581 Florida Georgia, Athens School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia 731,899 Guam, Agana University of Guam 34,311 Hawaii, Honolulu University of Hawaii 167,268 Idaho, Moscow University of Idaho 469,001 Illinois, Carbondale Southern Illinois University 156,014 Illinois, Urbana University of Illinois 156,014 Indiana, Lafayette Purdue University 385,716 Iowa, Ames Agriculture and Home Economics Station, Iowa 269,279 State University Kansas, Manhattan Kansas State University 133,216 Kentucky, Lexington Agricultural Experiment Station, University of 418,948 Kentucky Louisiana, Baton Rouge Louisiana State University, School of Forestry 439,801 Louisiana,Ruston SchoolofForestry,Louisiana Tech University 190,994 Maine, Orono University of Maine 568,614 Maryland, College Park University of Maryland 242,065 Massachusetts, Amherst University of Massachusetts 300,406 Michigan, East Lansing Michigan State University 207,679 Michigan, Houghtor Michigan Technological University 207,679 Michigan, Ann Arbor University of Michigan 207,679 Minnesota, St. Paul University of Minnesota 511,998 Mississippi Mississippi State University 677,464 Missouri, Columbia School of Forestry, University of Missouri 459,756 Montana, Missoula University of Montana, Forestry and Conservation 439,444 Experimental Station Nebraska, Lincoln University of Nebraska 171,870 Nevada, Reno University of Nevada, Mac C
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From page 66... ...
Austin State University 283,019 Texas, College Station Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M 299,659 University Utah, Logan Utah State Agricultural Experiment Station 160,428 Vermont, Burlington University of Vermont 338,143 Virgin Islands, St Thomas The College of the Virgin Islands 51,579 Virginia, Blacksburg Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 582,220 Washington, Seattle University of Washington 323,226 Washington, Pullman Washington State University 323,227 West Virginia, Morgantown West Virginia State University 405,340 Wisconsin, Madison Agricultural Experiment Station, University of 486,977 Wisconsin Wyoming, Laramie University of Wyoming 214,854 Total Payments to States Federal Administrations Small Business Set-Asidea Biotechology Risk Assessmenta GRAND TOTAL 20,688,273 636,853 514,832 8,828 21,848,786 a Based on 1999 dollars converted into 2000 dollars. Source: Allen Moore, USDA/CSREES Current Research Information System, Washington, D.C., personal communication, April 2002.
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From page 67... ...
CURRENT FORESTAY-RESEARCH CAPACITY McIntire-Stennis regional shares totaled $5.2 million (14.4 percent)
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From page 68... ...
AF&PA data indicate that the forest products industry spent $79.5 million on forestry research in 2000 (Table 3-91. Industry research is distributed among five classifications: forest health ($50.6 million)
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From page 69... ...
69 £ o Id UD I_ ·> · a to 2 ._ en UO _, S o ;^ 2 ._ A: I_ en Cal o 2 A: ._ VO · ~ ox I_ en O ._ A or o or oo cr d d- ~ Ir)
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From page 70... ...
Many other federal agencies perfonn forestry research directly, as well as giving external grants. In addition, many schools and departments other than the NAPFSC forestry schools and departments perfonn forestry research.
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From page 71... ...
. Agency/Program 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 USDA National Research Initiative 6,512 9,939 4,121 6,960 4,500 b (NRI)
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From page 72... ...
Most of those expenditures were targeted toward biotechnology, physiology, soil productivity, remote sensing and wood quality research, but sustainable forestry projects received a substantial share. EPA has performed or funded a rapidly increasing amount of forestry research, focusing on such issues as global climate change, carbon storage, water quality, and air quality.
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From page 73... ...
State forestry organizations such as those of Oregon, Washington, Minnesota, Georgia, and Virginia either have specific funding for forestry research or perform a host of applied studies on ecologic and social issues. Federal agencies such as the DOT Bureau of Land Management, U.S.Geolog~cal Survey Division of Biological Sciences (formerly Fish and Wildlife Service and National Park Service research)
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From page 74... ...
An estimated 43 percent of Forest Service research—and probably an equal portion of other forestry research—is aimed at maintaining the existing productivity level, which would decline in the absence of research to deal with disease, pests, and other factors that adversely affect forest productivity (O'Baughlin et al., 19861.
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From page 75... ...
. Thus, the rates of return shown in Table 3-11 likely represent conservative estimates of the payoff of public forestry research.
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From page 76... ...
Direct USDA Forest Service forestry research personnel and support have declined, and other agencies are increasing their focus on issues related to forestry. Therefore, better information is needed to monitor the status of the inputs to forestry research.
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From page 77... ...
.Ecolog~sts have increased in number, but attrition clearly has reduced Forest Service research capacity. Forest Service timber management research probably has declined, but this has been offset by large increases in broad forest management research.
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From page 78... ...
The forestry research sector consists of a broad group of public and private organizations. A central organizing body is needed to monitor forestry research and facilitate cooperation among the various organizations.
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From page 79... ...
A full-time dedicated professional USDA senior-level director would facilitate operations, serve as communication liaison, monitor forestry research accomplishments, and coordinate site reviews and visits. Those involved would also monitor forestryresearch quality and accountability by renewing and expanding the periodic review process, including reviews of McIntire-Stennis projects and Forest Service agency and cooperative agreement research accomplishments.
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From page 80... ...
Fiscal Strength At least $400 million is spent on forestry research each year by the various research organizations in the United States, and the total might well exceed $500 million. Funding includes about $200 million for Forest Service research and $204 million for research in professional forestry schools, colleges, and departments.
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From page 81... ...
Trends in university and nonfederal forestry research are difficult to assess. NonForest Service federal, state, and nongovernmental organization forestry research has increased in recent years despite fairly static funding in Forest Service research funds.
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