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From page 335... ... , Guides to Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 55-56, 203-204 American Psychiatric Association, 241, 242, 245, 250-257, 268, 269, 272-273, 274, 279 American Psychological Association, 245246 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) , 4, 31, 51, 54, 60, 194, 213, 262, 310, 328, 329 Assistive devices and accommodations, 62, 84, 116, 187, 202, 207, 208, 283-284, 310 Awards and allowances growth of, 1, 18, 33-42, 46, 47 replacement rate caps, 39 review requirements, 39 minimum benefits, 39 variations in, 136-137 Read the entire page →
From page 336... ... , 39, 40 s INDEX Continuous Work History Sample, 107 Cost containment, 34 Cost-of-living adjustments, 35 Court decisions and class action suits and definitions of disability, 213 and growth of disability programs, 2, 10, 40, 45, 48, 90, 127 Coverage error, 75-78, 85, 95, 104, 171, 215, 220, 223, 227, 284, 285, 290, 292 Cross-sectional design for monitoring work disability, 95, 96, 105-106, 291, 293-294 for survey measurement of disability, 96, 219, 291, 293-294 Current Population Survey, 51, 95, 100-101, 104, 106, 206, 234, 290, 295, 298, 299, 318, 324 D Data collection modes for monitoring work disability, 95, 97, 102, 106, 110, 291-292, 294, 295 for survey measurement of disability, 69,70,72,74,78-79,82,83-84,86,87, 95, 106, 212, 216, 218, 219-220, 223, 228-229, 284, 285, 291-292, 301 Decennial Census, 206, 228-229, 230, 234235, 236-237, 298 Definition of work disability. See also Disability decision process activity limitation concept, 193,196, 197, 201, 202, 204-205, 208, 261, 264, 286 biopsychosocial model, 260, 285-286 conceptual issues, 4, 53-56, 59, 184-195 cultural perspective, 54, 193 duration or chronicity considerations, 62-63, 202-203 dynamic nature of disability and, 4, 60, 62-63, 84, 198-200, 202-203, 213 enabling-disabling process, 7-8, 74, 190, 191, 213, 281 envirorunental factors, 4, 7, 54, 57-58, 59-60, 61, 62-64, 83-84, 185-186, 188190, 191, 194, 196, 198, 204-205, 208, 211, 213, 261-262, 283, 285-286 functional limitation, 4, 30, 54, 58, 59, 186-187, 193, 196, 197, 202, 204, 208, 212, 283 Read the entire page →
From page 337... ... , 39,40 date-of-onset / period-of-review documentation, 255, 256, 270 difficult claim types, 253, 255-256, 257, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 277 environmental factors in, 4, 61, 138 functional assessment instruments, 25, 26, 90, 113, 114, 116-117, 119, 120122, 124-125, 129, 172, 271, 272, 273274 and growth of awards and allowances, 19, 37, 38, 39, 40, 114, 136-137, 212 ICE assessment instrument and, 242, 257-266, 268, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279 Index of Severely Disabling Impairments, 25,116-117,124, 127, 270 for initial claims, 19, 22-26, 34, 37, 114117, 241-279 Listings of Impairments, 8-9, 22-23, 24 n.4, 48, 55, 63,115,123,124,125, 126, 127, 129-132, 203-204, 244-250, 253254, 256, 265, 268, 275, 276 Read the entire page →
From page 338... ... , 20, 6364, 212,170-171. See also National Study of Health and Activity Disability insurance tax rate and trust fund, 34-35 Disability Research Institute, 109, 131, 143 Disabled people desire to work, 207 discrimination against, 207 employer tolerance, 108 labor force participation rates, 319-321 labor market for, 49-51, 317, 318-328 number of, 212 quality-of-life issues, 58, 60, 190,199200, 201 self-classification of disability, 218-219, 225-227 socioeconomic status, 90 stereotypes, 62, 202-203 support for SSA's Disability Employment Strategy, 67 Disablement process, 84, 188-190, 200 Drug abuse and alcoholism, 48 Duration or chronicity of disability, 19, 44, 62-63, 202-203 Dynamic nature of disability, conceptual issues, 4, 60, 62-63, 84, 198-200, 202203, 213 enabling-disabling process, 74,190,191, 213, 224, 226 and work disability monitoring system, 91 E Economic censuses, quinquennial, 92 Economic conditions and growth of disability programs, 2, 18, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 88, 89, 287, 288 Education and ability to work, 10, 135-136, 242 and labor force participation rates, 308309, 321-322 Effectiveness, defined, 128 Efficiency, defined, 128 831 Disability file, 107 Eligibility criteria. Read the entire page →
From page 339... ... See also Work environment F Federal ongoing surveys definition of disability in, 49 n.6, 283284 measurement of disability in, 99-104, 212, 213, 282, 285-286 partnerships for monitoring work disability, 5, 93-94, 95, 99-104, 105106, 109, 110, 294-301 Functional limitations, 40 339 General Accounting Office, 129 Gore, Al, 20-21 Growth of disability programs administrative initiatives and, 2, 10,1920, 37, 38, 39, 40 allowances and awards, 1,10,18, 33-42, 46, 47, 136-137 applications, 33, 35, 41 cost shifting by states and, 19, 47, 90 court decisions and, 2, 10, 40, 45, 48, 90, 127 definitions of disability and, 35, 37, 40, 41 assessment instruments, 25, 26, 90, 113, 114, 116-117, 119, 120-122, 124-125, 129, 172, 271, 272, 273-274 definition of, 4, 30, 54, 58, 59, 186-187, 193, 196, 197, 202, 204, 208, 212, 283 and disability decision process, 25, 26, 90, 113, 114, 116-117, 119, 120-122, 124-125, 129, 172, 271, 272, 273-274 interviewing techniques, 224-225 of survey respondents, 75, 77-79, 80-81, 223-227, 284 vocational capacity assessment, 132-133, 329 G Gender and growth of disability programs, 43, 44-45, 46, 49, 50 labor force participation rates by, 43, 44, 49, 50, 89, 305-306, 319, 320-321, 325, 326 demographic trends and, 1-2, 18-19, 35, 42, 4346, 89 disability decision process and, 19, 37, 38, 39, 40, 114, 136-137, 212 econometric research studies, 20, 34 economic conditions and, 2,18, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 88, 89, 286, 288 eligibility criteria and, 2, 33, 39, 40, 41, 136-137 historical developments and, 34-42 impairments and, 2, 18, 34, 40, 45-47, 48 labor market dynamics and, 43, 44, 48, 49-51, 52, 89, 288 labor market structural changes and, 2, 18,48,89,304 legislative and regulatory changes and, 2,10,18,19,34,35,38,39-41,42,44, 45, 48, 51-52, 90, 127 for mental impairments, 2, 4546, 47, 48 outreach efforts and, 2, 19, 37, 42, 47 projected, 2, 43, 51, 141, 145 research needs, 20, 34, 52, 89-94, 127, 212 SSA surveys of, 286-288 trends, 1-2, 35-42 H Handicap, defined, 193,194,195, 259 Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 288 Homeless populations, 75-76 I ICE Checklist, 266, 267, 275, 277, 278 Impairments. Read the entire page →
From page 340... ... , 257-258 International Task Force on Mental Health, and Addictive, Behavioural, Cognitive, and Developmental Aspects of ICIDH, 260, 265 Interviewing methods, 76-77, 81, 85, 95, 171, 215-217, 219, 220, 224-225, 228, 291-292 L Labor force participation accommodations and, 62, 84, 310 age and, 306-308, 320-321, 325, 326 and disability definitions, 56, 62 by disabled persons, 319-321 dynamics of, 89, 304-309 early withdrawal from, 288 educational attainment and, 308-309 321-322 gender and, 43, 44, 49, 50, 89, 305-306, 319, 320-321, 325, 326 race and, 306, 320-321 Labor market dynamics alternative work arrangements, 316 contingent employment, 315-316 and definition of work disability, 4, 3031,94,318 for disabled people, 49-51, 317, 318-328 displacement rates, 317-318, 326-328 employment characteristics, 309-318, 321-327 and growth of disability programs, 43, 44, 48, 49-51, 52, 89, 288 industries, 310-312, 321-322 internal structure of work, 317 job security, 315 location of work, 316-317 measuring functional demands, 328-330 occupations, 312-314, 322-323 part-time employment, 314-315, 323-324 structural changes, 2, 18, 30-31, 48, 89, 304 terms of employment, 315-318, 324-326 Read the entire page →
From page 341... ... , 201, 204205 conceptual issues, 61, 62,183-184, 200205, 212, 283-284 direct assessment, 205-208 duration/chronicity considerations, 202-203 empirical evidence on error in, 227-236 envirorunental barriers and accommodations and, 109, 232-233, 237 functional limitations, 204, 227-236 for monitoring work disability, 95, 96, 102, 290, 293, 295, 300 for NSHA, 70, 71, 78, 79-80, 81 for surveys, 70, 71, 78, 79, 81, 95, 96, 289, 290, 293, 295, 300 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 100101, 102, 106, 108, 110, 294, 295, 297 Medicare, 2, 138 Mental impairments affective disorders, 253 anxiety disorders, 247, 253, 254 autistic disorder, 247 American Psychiatric Association evaluation of claims process, 241, 250-257, 268, 269, 272-273, 274, 279 Clinical Disability Severity Rating, 252 date-of-onset / period-of-review documentation, 255, 256, 270 difficult claim types, 253, 255-256, 257, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 277 disability determination process, 68, 129, 243-244, 248-249, 253, 265, 275276, 277-278 eligibility criteria, 40, 41, 68 growth in awards and allowances for, 2, 4546, 47, 48 ICE assessment instrument, 242, 257266,268,273,275,277,278,279 Listing of, 48, 244-250, 253-254, 256, 265, 268, 275, 276 medical evidence, 243, 244, 250, 254-255, 256-257, 268, 270, 271, 272-273, 277278 Mental Residual Functional Capacity Assessment, 248, 249, 250, 251, 254, 256, 264, 270, 273, 278 Read the entire page →
From page 342... ... See also Survey measurement of disability Nagi, Saad, 57,185, 259 Nagi's Disablement Model, 56, 57-58, 60, 185-190, 192, 195-196, 197, 198, 201, 259 National Academy of Social Insurance (NASI) , 129, 130, 269, 271 National Center for Health Statistics, 94, 108, 110, 192, 299-300 National Comorbidity Survey, 299 National Crime Victimization Survey, 100101, 295, 298-299 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 100, 101-103, 109, 171, 295, 289, 300 National Health Interview Survey, 49 n.6, 95, 100, 102-103, 109, 110, 206, 290, 295, 296, 299, 300, 318 Disability Supplement, 171, 226, 234, 235 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, 100, 102-103, 104, 292, 295, 301 National Institute of Mental Health, 278 National Institutes of Health, 143, 267 corrective revisions, 8, 71-72, 86, 87 data collection plans, 7, 69, 70, 72, 74, 78-79, 85, 86, 171, 290 disability decision process evaluation, 118, 119 features, 67-70 field experiments, 6, 73, 74,171 information goals, 20, 52, 65, 66-67, 88, 91 interim reports on, 66, 70, 78, 80, 81, 170-173 long-term usefulness of, 8, 91 medical examinations, 70, 71, 78, 79-80, 81 monitoring system for work disability, 5, 97-99, 104, 109 pilot study, 6-7, 8, 70, 71, 72-74, 78, 81, 82,86 quality issues, 70-74 questionnaire design and testing, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81-82, 85, 87, 90, 171, 284 recommendations, 12, 70, 85, 87,147148, 170-171, 173 research, 72-73, 85,172-173 response rates, 8, 69-70, 73, 81,171 sample design, 7, 67-68, 73, 78, 80,171 sample sizes, 7-8, 68-69, 70, 80,170-171 scope of committee study, 2-3, 26-27, 65-66, 147-148 simulation of disability decision process, 67, 70, 72,173 testing phase, 7, 72, 78, 86,170 time allocation for, 6-7, 70-74, 86, 173 Nonobservation errors, 214-216, 284-285 Nonresponse error, 76, 77, 80-81, 85, 95, 104, 215-216, 220, 227, 284, 285, 290, 291, 292 Numident, 108 Read the entire page →
From page 343... ... program, 107108 Outreach efforts, and growth of disability programs, 2, 19, 37, 42, 47 Owens, Patricia, 250 p Paid and unpaid role activities, 187 Pain, and disability, 40, 62,114, 203 Parkinson's disease, 187 Parsons, Talcott, 54, 58, 59,195 Participation, conceptual issues, 193-195, 196, 197, 201-202, 212, 261, 264, 286 Provider-based survey data, 102, 290, 295, 296 Proxy respondents, 78-79, 83, 95-46,106, 212, 216, 218, 223, 225, 226, 228, 230231, 284, 292 Q 343 R Quality issues, in NSHA, 70-74 Quality of Employment surveys, 317 Quality of life and disability definitions, 58, 60,190, 199-200, 201 health-related, 199-200 Questionnaire design for monitoring work disability, 293 for NSHA, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81-82, 85, 87, 90, 171, 284 for survey measurement, 70, 76-77, 8283, 85, 87, 205-207, 212, 216-217, 223224, 226-227, 228, 230-231, 232, 233, 236-238, 281-282, 284, 285-286, 293294 5 Race, and labor force participation rates, 306, 320-321 Recall bias, 217-218 Recommendations concepts of work disability, 12-13, 63-64 disability decision process, 9, 10-11,14, 63-64, 123, 127, 130-131, 138, 172-173, 256-257, 275-279 for monitoring work disability, 5, 13, 92-93, 147 for NSHA, 70, 85, 87, 170-171, 173 research infrastructure and capacity building, 14, 142 survey measurement of disability, 13, 85, 86-87, 170-171 Regulations. See Legislation and regulations Rehabilitation, 60,134,188,190,191, 198, 203, 259 Reliability defined, 221, 127 of disability decision process, 127 of Index of ADL, 227 interrater, 134, 222, 254 measures of, 222 of Mental Residual Functional Capacity Assessment, 254 of occupational classifications, 134 of survey measures of disability, 221, 222, 227, 231-232, 236 of WHO DAS II, 267 Research issues cooperative agreements, 144 disability decision process, 10-11, 63-64, 119-123, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138, 139, 172-173, 241, 256-257, 268279 extramural programs, 11, 143 grant programs, 142-143, 144 growth of disability programs, 20, 34, 52, 212 infrastructure and capacity building, 11-12, 142, 140-147 intramural programs, 11, 144 measurement of disabilities, 141-147, 208, 284-285 mental impairments, 268-274 monitoring work disability, 301 NSHA, 72-73, 85, 172-173 Read the entire page →
From page 344... ... program administrative database, 107 applications and awards, 18, 35-36, 38, 41, 46, 47, 243 beneficiaries enrolled, 18, 35, 36, 39, 42 composition of beneficiary population, 43, 44-45, 46 cost containment measures, 34-35 coverage and support levels, 34, 35 defined, 1 n.l, 17 definition of disability, 242 DHHS analysis of, 18-19, 20 eligibility criteria, 243 growth trends, 1, 18, 35-37, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49 inception, 33, 34-35 income replacement rates, 39 initial determination of disability, 34, 243; see also Disability decision process SSI benefits concurrently with, 47 terminations, 35, 36, 38-39, 41~2 waiting period to receive benefits, 35, 37 workers insured, 42, 43 Social Security retirement program, 37, 49, 51-52, 107, 288 Social Security Survey of Disabled Adults, 287 States. See also Disability Determination Services (DDs) Read the entire page →
From page 345... ... INDEX composition of beneficiary population, 43 defined, 1 n.l, 37,17 eligibility, 37, 243 growth of, 1, 18, 35, 37-38, 42, 43-44, 49 number of recipients, 37 38 outreach efforts, 2, 19, 37, 42, 47 processing of claims, 37, 243; see also Disability decision process qualified aliens, 43-44, 48 SSDI benefits concurrently with, 47, 243 terminations, 37-38 Supplemental Security Record, 107 Survey measurement of disability. See also Work disability monitoring system cognitive considerations, 223-225, 236237, 238, 298 345 conceptual issues, 7, 49 n.6, 56, 74, 8384, 87, 94, 184-185, 211, 212, 213, 263264, 281-284 coverage error, 75-78, 85, 95,104,171, 215, 220, 223, 227, 284, 285, 290, 292 cross-sectional design, 96, 219, 291, 293294 data collection models, 69, 70, 72, 74, 78-79, 82, 83-84, 86, 87, 95, 106, 212, 216, 218, 219-220, 223, 228-229, 284, 285, 291-292, 301 data sources, 290-291 design options, 83, 215-216, 290-301 development of, 289-290 differential response error, 220-221 environmental measurements, 83-86, 183-184, 211, 232-233, 237, 282, 285286 errors of nonobservation, 214-216, 284285 errors of observation, 216-221, 227, 284285 essential survey conditions, 83, 212, 219-220, 223, 230, 233, 238 functional limitations of disabled persons to respond to, 75, 77-79, 8081, 223-227, 284 household-based, 75-76, 94, 95-96,106, 171, 215-216, 220, 282, 284, 289, 290, 292, 293 ICE mapping to questionnaires, 285-286 institutionalized /homeless populations, 75-76 interviewing methods, 76-77, 81, 85, 95, 171, 215-217, 219, 220, 224-225, 228, 291-292 longitudinal design, 96,199, 219-220, 228, 291, 293 measurement error, 74-75, 82-83, 85, 95, 212, 216-227, 232-237, 284, 285, 286, 290, 291, 292 medical examinations and performance tests, 70, 71, 78, 79, 81, 95, 96, 289, 290, 293, 295, 300 methodological issues, 75-87, 214-238, 284-286 for monitoring work disability, 5, 93, 95, 97-98, 99-104, 109, 284-286, 289-301 nonresponse error, 76, 77, 80-81, 85, 95, 104, 215-216, 220, 227, 284, 285, 290, 291, 292 ongoing federal surveys, 99-104, 212, 213, 282, 285-286 periodicity, 91, 95,106, 291 prevalence of benefit eligibility as goal, 99 prevalence of disability across surveys, 233-234 provider-based, 102, 290, 295, 296 proxy respondents, 78-79, 83, 95-96, 106, 212, 216, 218, 223, 225, 226, 228, 230231, 284, 292 questionnaire design, 70, 76-77, 82-83, 85, 87, 205-207, 212, 216-217, 223-224, 226-227, 228, 230-231, 232, 233, 236238, 281-282, 284, 285-286, 293-294 recall bias, 217-218 recommendations, 13, 85, 86-87,170-171 research framework, 74-86, 208, 284-286, 301 respondent burden, 70, 76-77, 81-82, 106, 216, 217-218 response rates, 70, 76, 81,171, 215 sample design, 67-68, 73, 78, 80, 171, 214, 219 sample sizes, 7-8, 68-69, 70, 80, 106, 170171, 218, 295, 296 sampling error, 79-80, 214, 290, 292 screening methods, 70, 75-78, 81, 85, 227-232 self-classification of disability, 218-219, 225-227 self reports, 83, 95-96,106, 212, 218-219, 220, 223, 226, 230-231, 284, 291-292 Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... See also Definition of work disability; Measurement of disability dynamic nature of, 60 inconsistencies in reporting of, 235-236 Work disability monitoring system. See also Survey measurement of disability ad hoc special studies, 5-6, 108 administrative data linkages, 5, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 106-108, 290-291, 293 assessment of utility of, 289 characteristics, 94-108, 285-286 classification of disability in, 6, 296, 298 committee of experts, 6,111-112 for continuous monitoring, 5, 87, 91-92, 93, 95, 96-108, 109, 212, 284-286, 291, 293, 294 cost considerations, 96, 98, 104, 290, 294, 301 cross-sectional data collection, 95, 96, 105-106, 291, 293-294 data sources, 94, 95, 290-291 defined, 94 design considerations, 5-6, 94-108,110111, 285-286, 289, 290-301 development and planning for, 92-93, 108-112, 289-290 disability decision process modeling component, 290 V Validity concurrent, 127, 222 construct, 127, 222 criterion, 127, 221-222 defined, 127, 221-122 of disability decision process, 123, 127128 of Index of ADLs, 227-228 5 Read the entire page →
From page 347... ... INDEX disability definition for, 289 error considerations, 95, 98, 104, 106, 290, 291, 296 evaluation and testing, 93, 98, 110-112 implementation objectives, 6, 92-93, 111 longitudinal data collection, 5, 95, 96, 97, 105-106, 199, 291, 293 mode of data collection, 95, 97, 102, 106, 110, 291-292, 294, 295 NSHA and, 5, 97-99, 104, 109 partnerships with other federal agencies, 5, 93-94, 95, 99-104, 105106, 109, 110, 294-301 physical examination data, 95, 96, 102, 290, 293, 295, 300 policy and planning issues to be addressed by, 5, 89-94, 287 purpose of, 88-89, 94-95 questionnaire-related issues, 293 recommendations, 5, 13, 92-93, 147 reduced sets of measures in intervening years, 6, 97-99 research needs, 301 sample sizes, 98, 104, 106, 295, 296 screening instrument, 298 survey measurement component, 5, 93, 95, 97-98, 99-104, 109, 284-286, 289301 Work environment accommodations, adaptations, and barriers, 62, 84, 187, 202, 207, 208, 211, 283-284 347 and definition of disability, 4, 7, 54, 5758, 59-60, 61, 62-64, 83-84, 185-186, 188-190, 191, 194, 196, 198, 204-205, 208, 211, 213, 261-262, 283-284, 285286 and disability decision process, 4, 61, 138 measures of, 83-86 social, 84, 193 survey measurements of, 83-86, 183-184, 211, 232-233, 237, 282, 285-286 Work experience, and ability to work, 10, 136, 242 Work incentives, 39, 67 Workers' compensation, 55-56, 134, 204, 303 Workshop on Measuring Functional Capacity and Work Requirements, 90, 132 Workshop on the Measurement of Persons with Work Disability, 293, 301 World Health Assembly, 258 World Heals Organization DAS II, 267-268, 275, 277-278 health definition, 199-200 ICIDH model, 54, 57, 58-59, 60, 185, 190195, 242, 259, 261-263 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 257-258 Read the entire page →

From page 335...

... , Guides to Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 55-56, 203-204 American Psychiatric Association, 241, 242, 245, 250-257, 268, 269, 272-273, 274, 279 American Psychological Association, 245246 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) , 4, 31, 51, 54, 60, 194, 213, 262, 310, 328, 329 Assistive devices and accommodations, 62, 84, 116, 187, 202, 207, 208, 283-284, 310 Awards and allowances growth of, 1, 18, 33-42, 46, 47 replacement rate caps, 39 review requirements, 39 minimum benefits, 39 variations in, 136-137

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From page 336...

... , 39, 40 s INDEX Continuous Work History Sample, 107 Cost containment, 34 Cost-of-living adjustments, 35 Court decisions and class action suits and definitions of disability, 213 and growth of disability programs, 2, 10, 40, 45, 48, 90, 127 Coverage error, 75-78, 85, 95, 104, 171, 215, 220, 223, 227, 284, 285, 290, 292 Cross-sectional design for monitoring work disability, 95, 96, 105-106, 291, 293-294 for survey measurement of disability, 96, 219, 291, 293-294 Current Population Survey, 51, 95, 100-101, 104, 106, 206, 234, 290, 295, 298, 299, 318, 324 D Data collection modes for monitoring work disability, 95, 97, 102, 106, 110, 291-292, 294, 295 for survey measurement of disability, 69,70,72,74,78-79,82,83-84,86,87, 95, 106, 212, 216, 218, 219-220, 223, 228-229, 284, 285, 291-292, 301 Decennial Census, 206, 228-229, 230, 234235, 236-237, 298 Definition of work disability. See also Disability decision process activity limitation concept, 193,196, 197, 201, 202, 204-205, 208, 261, 264, 286 biopsychosocial model, 260, 285-286 conceptual issues, 4, 53-56, 59, 184-195 cultural perspective, 54, 193 duration or chronicity considerations, 62-63, 202-203 dynamic nature of disability and, 4, 60, 62-63, 84, 198-200, 202-203, 213 enabling-disabling process, 7-8, 74, 190, 191, 213, 281 envirorunental factors, 4, 7, 54, 57-58, 59-60, 61, 62-64, 83-84, 185-186, 188190, 191, 194, 196, 198, 204-205, 208, 211, 213, 261-262, 283, 285-286 functional limitation, 4, 30, 54, 58, 59, 186-187, 193, 196, 197, 202, 204, 208, 212, 283

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From page 337...

... , 39,40 date-of-onset / period-of-review documentation, 255, 256, 270 difficult claim types, 253, 255-256, 257, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 277 environmental factors in, 4, 61, 138 functional assessment instruments, 25, 26, 90, 113, 114, 116-117, 119, 120122, 124-125, 129, 172, 271, 272, 273274 and growth of awards and allowances, 19, 37, 38, 39, 40, 114, 136-137, 212 ICE assessment instrument and, 242, 257-266, 268, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279 Index of Severely Disabling Impairments, 25,116-117,124, 127, 270 for initial claims, 19, 22-26, 34, 37, 114117, 241-279 Listings of Impairments, 8-9, 22-23, 24 n.4, 48, 55, 63,115,123,124,125, 126, 127, 129-132, 203-204, 244-250, 253254, 256, 265, 268, 275, 276

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From page 338...

... , 20, 6364, 212,170-171. See also National Study of Health and Activity Disability insurance tax rate and trust fund, 34-35 Disability Research Institute, 109, 131, 143 Disabled people desire to work, 207 discrimination against, 207 employer tolerance, 108 labor force participation rates, 319-321 labor market for, 49-51, 317, 318-328 number of, 212 quality-of-life issues, 58, 60, 190,199200, 201 self-classification of disability, 218-219, 225-227 socioeconomic status, 90 stereotypes, 62, 202-203 support for SSA's Disability Employment Strategy, 67 Disablement process, 84, 188-190, 200 Drug abuse and alcoholism, 48 Duration or chronicity of disability, 19, 44, 62-63, 202-203 Dynamic nature of disability, conceptual issues, 4, 60, 62-63, 84, 198-200, 202203, 213 enabling-disabling process, 74,190,191, 213, 224, 226 and work disability monitoring system, 91 E Economic censuses, quinquennial, 92 Economic conditions and growth of disability programs, 2, 18, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 88, 89, 287, 288 Education and ability to work, 10, 135-136, 242 and labor force participation rates, 308309, 321-322 Effectiveness, defined, 128 Efficiency, defined, 128 831 Disability file, 107 Eligibility criteria.

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From page 339...

... See also Work environment F Federal ongoing surveys definition of disability in, 49 n.6, 283284 measurement of disability in, 99-104, 212, 213, 282, 285-286 partnerships for monitoring work disability, 5, 93-94, 95, 99-104, 105106, 109, 110, 294-301 Functional limitations, 40 339 General Accounting Office, 129 Gore, Al, 20-21 Growth of disability programs administrative initiatives and, 2, 10,1920, 37, 38, 39, 40 allowances and awards, 1,10,18, 33-42, 46, 47, 136-137 applications, 33, 35, 41 cost shifting by states and, 19, 47, 90 court decisions and, 2, 10, 40, 45, 48, 90, 127 definitions of disability and, 35, 37, 40, 41 assessment instruments, 25, 26, 90, 113, 114, 116-117, 119, 120-122, 124-125, 129, 172, 271, 272, 273-274 definition of, 4, 30, 54, 58, 59, 186-187, 193, 196, 197, 202, 204, 208, 212, 283 and disability decision process, 25, 26, 90, 113, 114, 116-117, 119, 120-122, 124-125, 129, 172, 271, 272, 273-274 interviewing techniques, 224-225 of survey respondents, 75, 77-79, 80-81, 223-227, 284 vocational capacity assessment, 132-133, 329 G Gender and growth of disability programs, 43, 44-45, 46, 49, 50 labor force participation rates by, 43, 44, 49, 50, 89, 305-306, 319, 320-321, 325, 326 demographic trends and, 1-2, 18-19, 35, 42, 4346, 89 disability decision process and, 19, 37, 38, 39, 40, 114, 136-137, 212 econometric research studies, 20, 34 economic conditions and, 2,18, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 88, 89, 286, 288 eligibility criteria and, 2, 33, 39, 40, 41, 136-137 historical developments and, 34-42 impairments and, 2, 18, 34, 40, 45-47, 48 labor market dynamics and, 43, 44, 48, 49-51, 52, 89, 288 labor market structural changes and, 2, 18,48,89,304 legislative and regulatory changes and, 2,10,18,19,34,35,38,39-41,42,44, 45, 48, 51-52, 90, 127 for mental impairments, 2, 4546, 47, 48 outreach efforts and, 2, 19, 37, 42, 47 projected, 2, 43, 51, 141, 145 research needs, 20, 34, 52, 89-94, 127, 212 SSA surveys of, 286-288 trends, 1-2, 35-42 H Handicap, defined, 193,194,195, 259 Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 288 Homeless populations, 75-76 I ICE Checklist, 266, 267, 275, 277, 278 Impairments.

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From page 340...

... , 257-258 International Task Force on Mental Health, and Addictive, Behavioural, Cognitive, and Developmental Aspects of ICIDH, 260, 265 Interviewing methods, 76-77, 81, 85, 95, 171, 215-217, 219, 220, 224-225, 228, 291-292 L Labor force participation accommodations and, 62, 84, 310 age and, 306-308, 320-321, 325, 326 and disability definitions, 56, 62 by disabled persons, 319-321 dynamics of, 89, 304-309 early withdrawal from, 288 educational attainment and, 308-309 321-322 gender and, 43, 44, 49, 50, 89, 305-306, 319, 320-321, 325, 326 race and, 306, 320-321 Labor market dynamics alternative work arrangements, 316 contingent employment, 315-316 and definition of work disability, 4, 3031,94,318 for disabled people, 49-51, 317, 318-328 displacement rates, 317-318, 326-328 employment characteristics, 309-318, 321-327 and growth of disability programs, 43, 44, 48, 49-51, 52, 89, 288 industries, 310-312, 321-322 internal structure of work, 317 job security, 315 location of work, 316-317 measuring functional demands, 328-330 occupations, 312-314, 322-323 part-time employment, 314-315, 323-324 structural changes, 2, 18, 30-31, 48, 89, 304 terms of employment, 315-318, 324-326

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From page 341...

... , 201, 204205 conceptual issues, 61, 62,183-184, 200205, 212, 283-284 direct assessment, 205-208 duration/chronicity considerations, 202-203 empirical evidence on error in, 227-236 envirorunental barriers and accommodations and, 109, 232-233, 237 functional limitations, 204, 227-236 for monitoring work disability, 95, 96, 102, 290, 293, 295, 300 for NSHA, 70, 71, 78, 79-80, 81 for surveys, 70, 71, 78, 79, 81, 95, 96, 289, 290, 293, 295, 300 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 100101, 102, 106, 108, 110, 294, 295, 297 Medicare, 2, 138 Mental impairments affective disorders, 253 anxiety disorders, 247, 253, 254 autistic disorder, 247 American Psychiatric Association evaluation of claims process, 241, 250-257, 268, 269, 272-273, 274, 279 Clinical Disability Severity Rating, 252 date-of-onset / period-of-review documentation, 255, 256, 270 difficult claim types, 253, 255-256, 257, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 277 disability determination process, 68, 129, 243-244, 248-249, 253, 265, 275276, 277-278 eligibility criteria, 40, 41, 68 growth in awards and allowances for, 2, 4546, 47, 48 ICE assessment instrument, 242, 257266,268,273,275,277,278,279 Listing of, 48, 244-250, 253-254, 256, 265, 268, 275, 276 medical evidence, 243, 244, 250, 254-255, 256-257, 268, 270, 271, 272-273, 277278 Mental Residual Functional Capacity Assessment, 248, 249, 250, 251, 254, 256, 264, 270, 273, 278

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From page 342...

... See also Survey measurement of disability Nagi, Saad, 57,185, 259 Nagi's Disablement Model, 56, 57-58, 60, 185-190, 192, 195-196, 197, 198, 201, 259 National Academy of Social Insurance (NASI) , 129, 130, 269, 271 National Center for Health Statistics, 94, 108, 110, 192, 299-300 National Comorbidity Survey, 299 National Crime Victimization Survey, 100101, 295, 298-299 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 100, 101-103, 109, 171, 295, 289, 300 National Health Interview Survey, 49 n.6, 95, 100, 102-103, 109, 110, 206, 290, 295, 296, 299, 300, 318 Disability Supplement, 171, 226, 234, 235 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, 100, 102-103, 104, 292, 295, 301 National Institute of Mental Health, 278 National Institutes of Health, 143, 267 corrective revisions, 8, 71-72, 86, 87 data collection plans, 7, 69, 70, 72, 74, 78-79, 85, 86, 171, 290 disability decision process evaluation, 118, 119 features, 67-70 field experiments, 6, 73, 74,171 information goals, 20, 52, 65, 66-67, 88, 91 interim reports on, 66, 70, 78, 80, 81, 170-173 long-term usefulness of, 8, 91 medical examinations, 70, 71, 78, 79-80, 81 monitoring system for work disability, 5, 97-99, 104, 109 pilot study, 6-7, 8, 70, 71, 72-74, 78, 81, 82,86 quality issues, 70-74 questionnaire design and testing, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81-82, 85, 87, 90, 171, 284 recommendations, 12, 70, 85, 87,147148, 170-171, 173 research, 72-73, 85,172-173 response rates, 8, 69-70, 73, 81,171 sample design, 7, 67-68, 73, 78, 80,171 sample sizes, 7-8, 68-69, 70, 80,170-171 scope of committee study, 2-3, 26-27, 65-66, 147-148 simulation of disability decision process, 67, 70, 72,173 testing phase, 7, 72, 78, 86,170 time allocation for, 6-7, 70-74, 86, 173 Nonobservation errors, 214-216, 284-285 Nonresponse error, 76, 77, 80-81, 85, 95, 104, 215-216, 220, 227, 284, 285, 290, 291, 292 Numident, 108

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From page 343...

... program, 107108 Outreach efforts, and growth of disability programs, 2, 19, 37, 42, 47 Owens, Patricia, 250 p Paid and unpaid role activities, 187 Pain, and disability, 40, 62,114, 203 Parkinson's disease, 187 Parsons, Talcott, 54, 58, 59,195 Participation, conceptual issues, 193-195, 196, 197, 201-202, 212, 261, 264, 286 Provider-based survey data, 102, 290, 295, 296 Proxy respondents, 78-79, 83, 95-46,106, 212, 216, 218, 223, 225, 226, 228, 230231, 284, 292 Q 343 R Quality issues, in NSHA, 70-74 Quality of Employment surveys, 317 Quality of life and disability definitions, 58, 60,190, 199-200, 201 health-related, 199-200 Questionnaire design for monitoring work disability, 293 for NSHA, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81-82, 85, 87, 90, 171, 284 for survey measurement, 70, 76-77, 8283, 85, 87, 205-207, 212, 216-217, 223224, 226-227, 228, 230-231, 232, 233, 236-238, 281-282, 284, 285-286, 293294 5 Race, and labor force participation rates, 306, 320-321 Recall bias, 217-218 Recommendations concepts of work disability, 12-13, 63-64 disability decision process, 9, 10-11,14, 63-64, 123, 127, 130-131, 138, 172-173, 256-257, 275-279 for monitoring work disability, 5, 13, 92-93, 147 for NSHA, 70, 85, 87, 170-171, 173 research infrastructure and capacity building, 14, 142 survey measurement of disability, 13, 85, 86-87, 170-171 Regulations. See Legislation and regulations Rehabilitation, 60,134,188,190,191, 198, 203, 259 Reliability defined, 221, 127 of disability decision process, 127 of Index of ADL, 227 interrater, 134, 222, 254 measures of, 222 of Mental Residual Functional Capacity Assessment, 254 of occupational classifications, 134 of survey measures of disability, 221, 222, 227, 231-232, 236 of WHO DAS II, 267 Research issues cooperative agreements, 144 disability decision process, 10-11, 63-64, 119-123, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138, 139, 172-173, 241, 256-257, 268279 extramural programs, 11, 143 grant programs, 142-143, 144 growth of disability programs, 20, 34, 52, 212 infrastructure and capacity building, 11-12, 142, 140-147 intramural programs, 11, 144 measurement of disabilities, 141-147, 208, 284-285 mental impairments, 268-274 monitoring work disability, 301 NSHA, 72-73, 85, 172-173

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From page 344...

... program administrative database, 107 applications and awards, 18, 35-36, 38, 41, 46, 47, 243 beneficiaries enrolled, 18, 35, 36, 39, 42 composition of beneficiary population, 43, 44-45, 46 cost containment measures, 34-35 coverage and support levels, 34, 35 defined, 1 n.l, 17 definition of disability, 242 DHHS analysis of, 18-19, 20 eligibility criteria, 243 growth trends, 1, 18, 35-37, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49 inception, 33, 34-35 income replacement rates, 39 initial determination of disability, 34, 243; see also Disability decision process SSI benefits concurrently with, 47 terminations, 35, 36, 38-39, 41~2 waiting period to receive benefits, 35, 37 workers insured, 42, 43 Social Security retirement program, 37, 49, 51-52, 107, 288 Social Security Survey of Disabled Adults, 287 States. See also Disability Determination Services (DDs)

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From page 345...

... INDEX composition of beneficiary population, 43 defined, 1 n.l, 37,17 eligibility, 37, 243 growth of, 1, 18, 35, 37-38, 42, 43-44, 49 number of recipients, 37 38 outreach efforts, 2, 19, 37, 42, 47 processing of claims, 37, 243; see also Disability decision process qualified aliens, 43-44, 48 SSDI benefits concurrently with, 47, 243 terminations, 37-38 Supplemental Security Record, 107 Survey measurement of disability. See also Work disability monitoring system cognitive considerations, 223-225, 236237, 238, 298 345 conceptual issues, 7, 49 n.6, 56, 74, 8384, 87, 94, 184-185, 211, 212, 213, 263264, 281-284 coverage error, 75-78, 85, 95,104,171, 215, 220, 223, 227, 284, 285, 290, 292 cross-sectional design, 96, 219, 291, 293294 data collection models, 69, 70, 72, 74, 78-79, 82, 83-84, 86, 87, 95, 106, 212, 216, 218, 219-220, 223, 228-229, 284, 285, 291-292, 301 data sources, 290-291 design options, 83, 215-216, 290-301 development of, 289-290 differential response error, 220-221 environmental measurements, 83-86, 183-184, 211, 232-233, 237, 282, 285286 errors of nonobservation, 214-216, 284285 errors of observation, 216-221, 227, 284285 essential survey conditions, 83, 212, 219-220, 223, 230, 233, 238 functional limitations of disabled persons to respond to, 75, 77-79, 8081, 223-227, 284 household-based, 75-76, 94, 95-96,106, 171, 215-216, 220, 282, 284, 289, 290, 292, 293 ICE mapping to questionnaires, 285-286 institutionalized /homeless populations, 75-76 interviewing methods, 76-77, 81, 85, 95, 171, 215-217, 219, 220, 224-225, 228, 291-292 longitudinal design, 96,199, 219-220, 228, 291, 293 measurement error, 74-75, 82-83, 85, 95, 212, 216-227, 232-237, 284, 285, 286, 290, 291, 292 medical examinations and performance tests, 70, 71, 78, 79, 81, 95, 96, 289, 290, 293, 295, 300 methodological issues, 75-87, 214-238, 284-286 for monitoring work disability, 5, 93, 95, 97-98, 99-104, 109, 284-286, 289-301 nonresponse error, 76, 77, 80-81, 85, 95, 104, 215-216, 220, 227, 284, 285, 290, 291, 292 ongoing federal surveys, 99-104, 212, 213, 282, 285-286 periodicity, 91, 95,106, 291 prevalence of benefit eligibility as goal, 99 prevalence of disability across surveys, 233-234 provider-based, 102, 290, 295, 296 proxy respondents, 78-79, 83, 95-96, 106, 212, 216, 218, 223, 225, 226, 228, 230231, 284, 292 questionnaire design, 70, 76-77, 82-83, 85, 87, 205-207, 212, 216-217, 223-224, 226-227, 228, 230-231, 232, 233, 236238, 281-282, 284, 285-286, 293-294 recall bias, 217-218 recommendations, 13, 85, 86-87,170-171 research framework, 74-86, 208, 284-286, 301 respondent burden, 70, 76-77, 81-82, 106, 216, 217-218 response rates, 70, 76, 81,171, 215 sample design, 67-68, 73, 78, 80, 171, 214, 219 sample sizes, 7-8, 68-69, 70, 80, 106, 170171, 218, 295, 296 sampling error, 79-80, 214, 290, 292 screening methods, 70, 75-78, 81, 85, 227-232 self-classification of disability, 218-219, 225-227 self reports, 83, 95-96,106, 212, 218-219, 220, 223, 226, 230-231, 284, 291-292

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From page 346...

... See also Definition of work disability; Measurement of disability dynamic nature of, 60 inconsistencies in reporting of, 235-236 Work disability monitoring system. See also Survey measurement of disability ad hoc special studies, 5-6, 108 administrative data linkages, 5, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 106-108, 290-291, 293 assessment of utility of, 289 characteristics, 94-108, 285-286 classification of disability in, 6, 296, 298 committee of experts, 6,111-112 for continuous monitoring, 5, 87, 91-92, 93, 95, 96-108, 109, 212, 284-286, 291, 293, 294 cost considerations, 96, 98, 104, 290, 294, 301 cross-sectional data collection, 95, 96, 105-106, 291, 293-294 data sources, 94, 95, 290-291 defined, 94 design considerations, 5-6, 94-108,110111, 285-286, 289, 290-301 development and planning for, 92-93, 108-112, 289-290 disability decision process modeling component, 290 V Validity concurrent, 127, 222 construct, 127, 222 criterion, 127, 221-222 defined, 127, 221-122 of disability decision process, 123, 127128 of Index of ADLs, 227-228 5

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From page 347...

... INDEX disability definition for, 289 error considerations, 95, 98, 104, 106, 290, 291, 296 evaluation and testing, 93, 98, 110-112 implementation objectives, 6, 92-93, 111 longitudinal data collection, 5, 95, 96, 97, 105-106, 199, 291, 293 mode of data collection, 95, 97, 102, 106, 110, 291-292, 294, 295 NSHA and, 5, 97-99, 104, 109 partnerships with other federal agencies, 5, 93-94, 95, 99-104, 105106, 109, 110, 294-301 physical examination data, 95, 96, 102, 290, 293, 295, 300 policy and planning issues to be addressed by, 5, 89-94, 287 purpose of, 88-89, 94-95 questionnaire-related issues, 293 recommendations, 5, 13, 92-93, 147 reduced sets of measures in intervening years, 6, 97-99 research needs, 301 sample sizes, 98, 104, 106, 295, 296 screening instrument, 298 survey measurement component, 5, 93, 95, 97-98, 99-104, 109, 284-286, 289301 Work environment accommodations, adaptations, and barriers, 62, 84, 187, 202, 207, 208, 211, 283-284 347 and definition of disability, 4, 7, 54, 5758, 59-60, 61, 62-64, 83-84, 185-186, 188-190, 191, 194, 196, 198, 204-205, 208, 211, 213, 261-262, 283-284, 285286 and disability decision process, 4, 61, 138 measures of, 83-86 social, 84, 193 survey measurements of, 83-86, 183-184, 211, 232-233, 237, 282, 285-286 Work experience, and ability to work, 10, 136, 242 Work incentives, 39, 67 Workers' compensation, 55-56, 134, 204, 303 Workshop on Measuring Functional Capacity and Work Requirements, 90, 132 Workshop on the Measurement of Persons with Work Disability, 293, 301 World Health Assembly, 258 World Heals Organization DAS II, 267-268, 275, 277-278 health definition, 199-200 ICIDH model, 54, 57, 58-59, 60, 185, 190195, 242, 259, 261-263 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 257-258

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Index Pages 335-348

Index
Pages 335-348