Through the Kaleidoscope Viewing the Contributions of the Behavioral and Social Sciences to Health -- The Barbara and Jerome Grossman Symposium (2002) / Chapter Skim
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What We Know: The Tantalizing Potential
What We Know: The Tantalizing Potential
Pages 8-15
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From page 8... ...
The social environment not only operates in terms of genetic constitutions sculpted over thousands of years ago but also can affect the genetic processes of transcription and translation in the individual. In a study conducted at Ohio State University, Dr.
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- r -- ~ -- -- _= Dr. Cacioppo said that when we look at the psychological profiles of lonely individuals they "tend to be shy and possess poor social skills; report higher levels of stress, anxiety, and hostility; distrust other individuals and feel as if they are contributing more than their share to their relationships; be characterized by higher negative affectivity, pessimism, and negative reactivity; and respond to stressors less through active coping and seeking social support and more through withdrawal." In general, this profile is evident in personality and social inventories and in momentary reports using an experience sampling methodology to assess subjects' status during their normal daily life.
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, they were characterized by the same psychological profile as the socially connected individuals tested at Ohio State. Poor health behaviors contribute to broad-based morbidity and mortality, so the health behaviors of lonely and nonlonely individuals were compared.
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From page 11... ...
, with normal blood pressures achieved through lower cardiac output than nonlonely adults. The same differences were found in the laboratory and in ambulatory recordings during the course of their normal day.
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"For at least a hundred years," he said, "research has shown that violence and other health-related outcomes are correlated especially with concentrated disadvantage. For example, research in the early 1920s showed that a number of health outcomes not just crime and delinquency but things such as low birth weight, tuberculosis, physical abuse, and other factors detrimental to the well-being of individuals were concentrated in certain areas and that these areas were disproportionately disadvantaged." This general empirical finding continues to the present day, Dr.
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Low birth weight distribution in Chicago Neighborhoods, 19901996.
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This is a very difficult issue to address, he said, but in a new generation of studies researchers are trying to systematically measure and elucidate neighborhood processes such as trust, social networks, informal social control, and the density and capacity of organizations in other words, social structural features of the environment.
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From page 15... ...
neighborhoods of low collective efficacy with hot spots and neighborhoods of high collective efficacy with cold spots, the map also revealed a different kind of risk: neighborhoods with high collective efficacy that are in close proximity to high-risk areas have very high homicide rates themselves. Conversely, "spatially advantaged" neighborhoods (which border low-risk areas)
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