Biosolids Applied to Land Advancing Standards and Practices (2002) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 17-30
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 17... ...
In 1993, EPA promulgated Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge (Code of Federal Regulations Title 40, Part 503) , which set pollutant limits, operational standards for pathogen and vectorattraction reduction, management practices, and other provisions intended to protect public health and the environment from any reasonably anticipated adverse effects from chemical pollutants and pathogenic organisms.
|
From page 18... ...
defines biosolids as "the primarily organic solid product yielded by municipal wastewater treatment processes that can be beneficially recycled" as soil amendments. Use of the term biosolids has been controversial because of the perception that it was created to improve the image of sewage sludge in a public-relations campaign by the sewage industry (Rampton 1998~.
|
From page 19... ...
Stabilization -Alkaline stabilization -Anaerobic digestion -Aerobic digestion -Composting -Heat drying & pelletizing -Other ewateringb -Air drying -Vacuum filters -Centrifuges -Belt filter presses -Plate and frame Dresses -Other Screenings and grit to landfill Effluent to surface or groundwater of_ Disposal Incineration \ Surface disposal At\ Landfill ~7 - Land Application/ ~ Public Distribution J FIGURE 1-1 Biosolids production. 'Required by federal and state agencies.
|
From page 20... ...
Agricultural lands include sites where food crops (for human or animal consumption) and nonfood crops are grown.
|
From page 21... ...
, cumulative pollutant loading rates (kg/hectare) , pollutant concentration limits (mg/kg)
|
From page 22... ...
in the production of crops for human consumption, when practiced in accordance with existing federal guidelines and regulations, presents negligible risk to the consumer, to crop production, and to the environment. Current technology to remove pollutants from wastewater, coupled with existing regulations and guidelines governing the use of reclaimed wastewater and sludge in crop production, are adequate to protect human health and the environment." However, the report also highlighted limitations and inconsistencies in EPA's risk evaluation and made recommendations for additional research.
|
From page 23... ...
Introd~cilo7; 23 '"' "''I ~ I'' ~~ ~~ ~ ~-~ try ~~d~os6L~s and reach; ~.~ ~ '~'.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~,.~-~' ~ -.A.s~.more.~crQplan s~ are ~ ea.
|
From page 24... ...
24 Biosolids Applied to Land ~drancirlg Standards and Practices
|
From page 25... ...
EPA3 has not decided whether to reevaluate the 30-day waiting period required before grazing is allowed on biosolids-amended pastures. A decision will be based on EPA's review of a workshop held in June 2001 titled Emerging Pathogen Issues in Biosolids, Animal Manures and Other Similar By-products and a microbial risk-assessment model currently being developed by researchers at the University of California at Berkeley for the Water Environment Research Foundation.
|
From page 26... ...
A variety of alleged incidents were brought to the committee's attention, including improper application of biosolids, inadequate publicaccess restrictions at Class-B application sites, and violations of the 30-day waiting period before allowing grazing on treated pastures. It was beyond the scope of the committee's task to investigate or verify these allegations, but an audit of the national biosolids program by EPA's Office of Inspector General concluded that "EPA does not have an effective program for ensuring compliance with the land application requirements of Part 503.
|
From page 27... ...
The committee was asked to review information on the land application of biosolids and to evaluate the methods used by EPA to assess human health risks from chemical pollutants and pathogens in biosolids. Specifically, the committee was asked to: 1.
|
From page 28... ...
However, the committee did evaluate the scientific basis of EPA's original decision not to regulate organic pollutants in biosolids. Although the Part 503 rule considers risks to both human and environmental health, the committee was asked to focus its evaluation on human health risks and not on plant, animal, or ecological risks.
|
From page 29... ...
Chapter 4 presents developments in risk assessment since the Part 503 Nile was established and discusses current nsk-assessment practices used by EPA. Chapter 5 reviews EPA's nsk-assessment approach to setting limits for chemical pollutants in biosolids.
|
From page 30... ...
1996. Use of Reclaimed Water and Sludge in Food Crop Production.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.