Materials and Man's Needs Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume III, The Institutional Framework for Materials Science and Engineering (1975) / Chapter Skim
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Materials Manpower and Professional Activities
Materials Manpower and Professional Activities
Pages 214-250
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From page 214... ...
a materials-designated degree. In fact, the statistics show that the majority of professionals working on materials hold degrees in virtually all areas of the physical sciences and engineering, and that materials-designated degree-holders -- metallurgists, ceramists, and polymer engineers -- represent only a small fraction of the total professional manpower working in the materials field.
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From page 215... ...
Accordingly, the statistics obtained from the National Registers and reported here, have been adjusted to given an estimated total number in each category. The resulting data on the number of professionals working in various categories of engineering and science as embodied in MSE are given in Tables 7~46 and 7.47.~9 A significant characteristic of the engineering data is that it would seem that more engineers are working on materials in the category called structural than in any other.
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From page 216... ...
* Category of Engineering Number % of Total Structural 48,000 16.2 Concrete Technology Structures Rock Mechanics Metallurgical 41,000 13.8 Metallurgy, general Metallurgy, physical Metallurgy, powder Metallurgy, process Metallurgy, extractive Casting Welding Beneficiation, ore processing Electromagnetic 39,000 13.2 Dielectrics Magnetics, Magnetism Lnsulation, Electrical Superconductivity Photoelectricity Electronic Application Electrical Application Chemical 37, 000 12 .4 Materials Properties Crystal, Crystallography Materials Applications Corrosion Coating, Plating, Cladding Filament Technology Thermochemistry Electrochemistry Fuel Cells Chemical Applications -': Data derived from the National Engineers Register .
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From page 217... ...
7-217 TABLE 7.46 Continued .. Category of Engineering Number % of Total Work Management and Evaluation Nondestructive Tests Testing, Laboratory Radiography, X-rays Specifications, Standards Product Engineering Production Methods Quality Control 34,000 11.5 Dynamics and Mechanics 30,000 10.1 Friction High Pressure Lubrication Vacuum Technology Kinetics Mechanical Applications Mechanics Mass Transfer Propulsion Engineering Process and Application 21,000 7.1 Forming, Shaping Fastening, Joining Materials Handling Refining Processes Heat, Light, and Applied Physics Solid State Thermodynamics Insulation, Thermal Thermophysics High Temperature Physics Applied Physi Cryogenics Ultrasonics Heat Transfer 21,000 7.1 Automation and Control 18,000 6.: Instrumentation Information, Mathematics 7,000 2.4 Environmental 300 .
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From page 218... ...
* Field of Specialization Number % of Total Organic Chemistry Physical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Other in Related Chemical Specialties Metallurgy and Materials Solid State Atomic and Molecular Optics Other Physics Specialties Electronics Electromagnetism Thermal Nuclear Mechanics Fluids Acoustics Geology Geochemistry Solid Earth Geophysics *
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From page 219... ...
The growth of employment, both blue collar and white collar, in this field of plastics as reported by the Department of Labor under chemicals2i 2 0 "Labor Force Employment and Earnings," Survey of Current Business (November 1971)
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From page 220... ...
in U.S. Materials and Related Industries Served by the Professionals Working in the Field of Materials Science and Engineering, 1970 Manufacturing Nondurable Goods Plastics Materials and Synthetics Textile Mill Products Apparel and other Fabricated Textile Products Paper and Allied Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastic Products Leather and Leather Products Durable Goods Ordnance and Accessories Lumber & Wood Products, Except Furniture Furniture and Fixtures Stone, Clay, and Glass Products Primary Metal Industries Fabricated Metal Products Machinery, Except Electrical Electrical Machinery Transportation Equipment Instruments Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Number Persons 224, 000 1, 002, 000 1, 409, 000 711, 000 596, 000 343, 000 316, 000 607, 000 484, 000 656, 000 1, 361, 000 1, 440, 000 2, 003, 000 2,020,000 2, 060, 000 477, 000 441, 000 16, 150, 000
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From page 221... ...
7-221 TABLE 7.49 Profile of Materials Scientists and Engineers Appearing in the National Engineers Register in 1969 Sex Male 99.6% Female 0.4% Unemployed or employed part time: College Degree: B.S.
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From page 222... ...
7-222 TABLE 7.49 Continued Major college curriculum (Cont'd.~: Country of Highest Degree: Professional Identification: Type of Employer . Industrial Agricultural Petroleum Materials All others USA 1.4% 1.4% 1.0% 0.6% (23 categories)
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From page 223... ...
7-223 TABLE 7.49 Continued Government Support: Employment Function: None Don't Know Yes 59. 1% 3.8% 37.1% Source: Defense Space 56.3% 25.1% Atomic Energy 14.6% Transportation 13.3% Public Works Education Health Housing 9.3% 7.9% 5.1% 4.1% Natural Resources 4.1% Urban Development 2.9% Agriculture International Design 2.3% 1.6% 17.4% Planning, directing 13~9% Research Development 11.2% 10.8% Sales.
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From page 224... ...
7-224 TABLE 7.49 Continued Employment Function, ( It'd.) Other Supervisory Function: Testing, eval.
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From page 225... ...
7-225 TABLE 7.50 Distribution of Materials Scientists by Employment Function Percentages by years Employment Function 1964 1966 1968 1970 Basic Research Applied Research Development and Design Teaching Management, R&D 21.0 20.1 19.0 16.8 13.6 14.5 10.2 10.4 14.2 13.2 2398 22.6 17.9 18.8 16.2 15.0 8.7 9.4 14.0 14.0 Management, Other 5.8 5.9 6.6 6.7 Other 8.5 7.5 7.2 6.6 No report 7.6 11.7 5.6 6.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (65,000)
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From page 226... ...
7-226 TABLE 7.51 Distribution of Materials Scientists by Type of Employer Percentages by Years Type of Employer Private Industry, Business 1964 1966 1968 1970 60.0 57.7 60.9 58.6 College or University 20.1 20.7 22.3 23.3 U.S. Government Non-Profit Organization Research Center Other 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.3 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.4 2.5 2.1 2.5 1.7 4.1 3.7 3.0 3.4 No Report 5.4 _8.1 3.5 5.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
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From page 227... ...
7-227 TABLE 7.52 Distribution of Materials Scientists by Age Grouping Percentages by Years Age Grouping 1964 1966 1968 1970 Under 25 6.3 6.2 5.0 3.7 25-29 17.6 18.2 19.7 19.9 30-34 17.1 15.9 16.5 18.0 35-39 40-44 45-49 16.6 16.0 14.6 13.6 14.9 13.7 13.4 13.2 10.7 11.7 12.0 11.8 50-54 7.3 7.9 8.7 8.9 55-59 4.5 4.8 5.2 5.8 60-64 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.0 65-69 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.2 Over 69 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.6 No Report 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
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From page 228... ...
much of the materials-oriented work in R&D associated with new electronic components and integrated circuits is carried out by professionals formally trained in physics and electrical engineering, rather than in materials per se. Materials, metallurgy, ceramics, and mineralogy account for 377 of the disciplines of research personnel in the steel industry.
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From page 230... ...
7-230 161~000 14,000 1~000 an 10~00 IN m 8~00 Hi 6000 4,000 2,000 o _~ ,¢ , ~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1958 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 MEMBERSHIP OF SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS IG.
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From page 231... ...
7-2 31 ~ 1 o o To so ~ ~ o ¢ ~ U u On us En U
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From page 232... ...
Thus, the category, "Metallurgical and Materials Engineering" was used for the first time in 1964-65 by the Office of Education in the collection of data on student enrollment and degrees conferred in engineering. In 1967-68, the Engineering Manpower Commission changed the category title to "Materials" which included metallurgical, materials, and ceramics curricula.
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From page 233... ...
7-233 a) -m O Cal O ~ 'I ~ am I'D vans E~=,,,,,^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o o o o ID o o o o o o o o o o Cot = o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O ~ 0 ~ (D ~ ~ s338930 JO B38WtlN o ~ k: lo a)
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From page 234... ...
7-2 34 100~000 (n o I Cot llJ m z NOTE: ALL DATA ARE FOR COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES HAVING ONE OR MORE CURRICULA APPROVED BY ENGINEERS' COUNCIL FOR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT _ On _ LL = 1O7OOO~ S ~ La 51 1 :~41 1,000 TOTAL BS DEGREES / ENGINEERING BS DEGREES , ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ~ _~/ BS DEGREES it- ~ MECHANICAL ENGINEERING \BS DEGREES CIVIL ENGINEERING ~0 BS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - ~ 100 l I I I I I I 1940 '45 '50 ' 55 '60 '65 '70 COMPARISON OF BS DEGREES IN ENGINEERING BY SELECTED DISCIPLINES FIG 7.48 BS DEGREES MATERIaLS
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From page 235... ...
7-2 35 100,000 1 0,000 cn IL m Cay .~ TOTAL MS DEGREES ENGINEERING MS ELECTRICAL 'ENGINEERING MS CIVIL ENGINEERING if EMS MECHaNICAL 0,, ~ I /~ ENGINEERING .u 1,000 lo\ ~ ~ TAMS CHEMICAL o ~ ~ ~ ~ ENGINEERING 71 ~ 100 >~; NOTE: ALL DATA ARE FOR COLLEGES ~ r AND UNIVERSITIES HaVING ONE - by OR MORE CURRICULA APPROVED BY ENGINEERS' COUNCIL FOR I PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT 1940 '45 '50 '55 '60 '65 '70 COMPARISON OF MS DEGREES IN ENGINEERING BY SELECTED DISCIPLINES FIG.
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From page 236... ...
7-2 36 10,000 1000 in llJ o o 100 10 l TOTAL DOCTORATES I N ENGI N EERI NG to PI - NOTE _ ,_c~ ~>o~7 to' DOCTORATES I N ELEC.
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From page 237... ...
7-237 10,000 1~000 CD llJ 0 C~ o C]
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From page 238... ...
2 5 It is reasonable to assume, based on the data obtained from the National Registers, that about 30% of the engineers and about 14% of the natural scientists who immigrated to the U.S. took jobs in some area of MSE.
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From page 239... ...
7-239 10,000 an id or 1,000 o m 100 10 .
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From page 240... ...
Accordingly, an attempt was made in the present study to determine whether and to what extent the professionals working in materials differed in their proportion of jobs lost. Data on unemployment among engineers for the months June-July 1971 were obtained in a survey conducted by the Engineers Joint Council at the request of the National Science Foundation.
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From page 241... ...
7-241 TABLE 7.54 Rates of Unemployed Engineers by Field of Specialization, 1971 Field of Specialization Engineering Specialization: Aerospace engineering Chemical engineering Civil engineering Communications Electrical engineering Electronics engineering Engineering, general Environmental/ sanitary engineering Industrial engineering Manufacturing engineering Mechanical engineering Metallurgical engineering Petroleum engineering Plant/facilities engineering Product engineering Systems engineering Other engineering Nonengineering specialization: Computer /mathematics Management/business administration Other nonengineering No report Unemployed Rate (percent) 5.3 1.9 1.2 2.9 2.2 5.3 2.0 1.6 2.8 4.5 2.8 2.8 0.7 2.3 3.1 4.1 2.1 3.7 3.0 4.5 4.9 Source: National Science Foundation (Reference 29, page 7-240)
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From page 242... ...
In fact, the great consumers of Ph.D.'s in the 1960's, namely academic institutions and defense and space activities, will require substantially fewer new Ph.D.'s during the 1970's. While industrially funded research will continue to grow at perhaps twice the rate of increase of the gross national product, this is not enough to take up the slack.
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From page 243... ...
7-243 TABLE 7.55 Projected Supply and Utilizat ion of Engineering, Physical Sciences, and Mathematics Doctorates in the U.S. in 1980 LEVEL OF SUPPLY/ PHYSICAL UTILIZATION ENGINEERING SCIENCES MATHEMATICS SUPPLY High Supply 57600 84400 25200 Low Supply 53700 80100 25200 HIGH UTILIZ ATION Academic 16500 38.9 28700 32.6 18300 83.6 Nonacademic R&D 14600 34.4 39100 44.4 1100 5.0 Nonacademic other 11300 26.6 20300 23.0 2500 11.4 Total 42300 99.9% 88100 100.0% 21900 100.0% LOW UTILIZATION Academic 16300 44.4 28000 37.0 18200 85.8 Nonacademic R&D 12500 34.0 33500 44.3 1000 4.7 Nonacademic other 7900 21.5 14100 18.7 2000 9.4 Total 36700 99.9% 75600 100.0% 21200 99.9% MEDIAN SUPPLY 55600 82250 24350 .
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From page 244... ...
Professional Activities in the Materials Field Joining a professional or technical society is a conscious act by an individual to declare his active participation in the field encompassed by that society. The motivation to do so differs from one person to the next; survey by one of the materials societies found these objectives to be most important for individuals in such societies: To keep up with technology in the field of interest to an individual To associate with peers in the field To receive the publications of the society ~ For business contacts O To support the principles of the society For professional recognition ~ To attend educational courses 0 To obtain contacts for employment To join with others in the field as a unified voice in national affairs affecting the individual's profession a There are also other objectives, but it is clear from this survey that the main reason for joining a professional society is the person's desire to acquire, and remain current with, the body of knowledge which that society represents.
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From page 245... ...
Chemical Society Concrete Institute Electroplaters' Society, Inc. Foundrymen's Society Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Institute of Chemical Engineers Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
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From page 246... ...
The Fiber Society 26. Forest Products Research Society 27.
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From page 247... ...
Combining certain staff functions of many societies such as publications, meeting arrangements, and even accounting, would reduce the fixed costs for each and thereby permit additional services. This kind of cooperation need not diminish the technical vigor and competitive character involved in the constituencies of different societies' Probably the greatest disadvantage of the separateness of professional societies in materials is that, with only a few exceptions, the individual societies are not large enough or strong enough to have a significant voice in public affairs and governmental actions which affect the individual professional or his technical field.
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From page 248... ...
Technical societies could serve the public by judging whether or not this idea of a "Clearinghouse" has merit, and might consider undertaking a similar role themselves. How can a professional society of materials science and engineering serve the varied technical needs of individuals in the field and at the same time speak out on broad national problems involving materials?
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From page 249... ...
To promote improved quality and quantity of education, manpower, and facilities in the materials field. To provide a means for obtaining economies, collectively, in the publishing and distribution by the individual societies of their own journals, newspapers, and so forth, or alternatively, to facilitate joint ventures where desired.
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From page 250... ...
: American Ceramic Society American Chemical Society American Institute of Chemical Engineers American Society for Metals American Society of Non-Destructive Testing Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers National Association of Corrosion Engineers Society of Manufacturing Engineers Society of Plastics Engineers The American Society of Mechanical Engineers The Metallurgical Society of AIME Among the activities in progress are: a survey of materials education activities in universities and technical societies, a life-cycle study of aluminum (as the beginning of a series) , bibliographic reports on materials wastage by corrosion and wear, and an analysis of sources of technical information on materials.
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