Materials and Man's Needs Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume III, The Institutional Framework for Materials Science and Engineering (1975) / Chapter Skim
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Materials in Government
Materials in Government
Pages 96-116
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From page 96... ...
interests. In 1954, the Atoms for Peace program launched by President Eisenhower led to the AEC charter being amended and broadened, with the agency being charged with the responsibility of furthering the "development of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes'' -- such as civilian power plants and isotope utilization in industry -- and of generally insuring that the nation stayed in the lead in nuclear science and technology.
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From page 97... ...
22.6 8.7 Atomic Energy (AEC) 82.2 31.6 Commerce - National Bureau of Standards 10.5 4.0 Defense (DoD)
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From page 98... ...
Before discussing the details of federal materials funding and the relevant activities of the principal agencies, it is appropriate to review briefly the role of agency interaction and coordination. For materials R&D, this role has had several singular features which illustrate the recognition accorded to materials in the overall federal program.
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From page 99... ...
This capability consists of a large number of university programs with the capacity to train students in research, extensive research staffs in governmental laboratories, federal contract research centers, and federally-supported activities or facilities in industrial laboratories. Funding The direct federal support of materials R&D is shown in Figure 2.~ in actual dollars and 1964 dollars7, over the period 1962 to 1971.
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From page 100... ...
Various classifications of interest within this total are: Where spent: In-house governmental laboratories Federal contract research centers Universities Industry Spent on: Applied research Basic research Experimental development Supported by: DoD* AEC NASA Department of Agriculture NSF NBS 54% 38% 8% 32% 23% 20% 20% Metallic Materials Organic materials Inorganic nonmetallic materials Composite Others 38% (30%~*
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From page 101... ...
For example, the Department of the Interior has the prime responsibility for materials research involving the extraction and processing of minerals, ores, and fuels, and the Atomic Energy Commission is primarily responsible for research involving fissile materials and their utilization in such applications as power generation and nuclear medicine. Because of this great diversity of materials activities within governmental laboratories, it is difficult to generalize as to any fundamental or unique policy, program, or role of these laboratories.
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From page 102... ...
For example, the Air Force Materials Laboratory (Wright-Patterson, Ohio) has become the national leader in composite materials research, the Atomic Energy Co=~issionts Holifie~d National Laboratory is a national center of excellence in research on fissile materials, and the National Bureau of Standards has a well-recognized national center for research on polymeric materials.
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From page 103... ...
is a principal focal point in the federal government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To this end, NBS conducts research and provides central national services in four broad program areas.
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Its mission includes: furnishing certified Standard Reference Materials for the calibration of measuring instruments, and test methods, quality control, and research; developing new and improved methods for measuring the properties of materials; generating and evaluating scientific and engineering data on well-characterized materials;relating the physical and chemical properties of materials to their behavior and their interaction with their environments; providing advisory, consulting, research, and technical services to other governmental agencies in support of their statutory responsibilities. Department of Defense The Department of Defense was created as a part of a comprehensive program designed to provide for the future security of the U.S.
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From page 105... ...
Air Force Materials Laboratory, WrightPatterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Mission: To plan, formulate, present, and execute the AFSC exploratory and advanced development programs in the areas of materials sciences, metals and ceramics, nonmetallic materials, materials composites, materials analysis, manufacturing technology, and materials applications; to conduct in-house research to maintain a high level of technical competence; to act as AFSC focal point for information in the assigned technical areas; to execute assigned projects for and closely with the Army, Navy, NASA, ARPA, AEC, and other governmental agencies; to support other AFSC programs and insure the rapid application of research and technology to advanced systems.
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From page 106... ...
The development of advanced fiber and laminate composite materials (both polymer matrix and metal matrix) with superior properties is oriented toward the use of these materials in gas turbine engines and space-oriented applications such as the Space Shuttle.
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For example, a substantial amount of materials work in the DoD is performed as an integral part of missile nosecone development, and is carried out in the various industrial laboratories charged with the development of that system. Governmental Laboratory Extramural Programs.
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From page 108... ...
Since the support structure is mainly mission-based, a variety of formal and ad hoc committees and groups have grown up to coordinate the whole picture. These committees usually have little policy responsibility, but they do serve a number of information-sharing functions, and they sometimes carry out studies and make important reco~endations on general policy on materials matters to the Federal Council, the Office of Science and Technology, as well as within the various agencies.
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From page 109... ...
for the study of material properties at high-magnetic fields is a facility available nationwide to research people on petition. The AEC National Laboratories furnish unique facilities for neutron research, etc., and are also available widely to the research community.
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From page 110... ...
laboratory equipment, technician support, and seed money for new starts. It is useful for a number of reasons to have outside relatively unbiased evaluations of individual research performance, and for the research ideas of the group to compete nationally rather than only locally for grant recognition.
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From page 111... ...
An example is the special relationship set up between HUD and the National Bureau of Standards on building research. These contracts and understandings are phrased in terms of the specific mission involved, and an opportunity exists for the materials community to develop the traditional kind of microscale involvement in the new areas through the materials groups of the laboratories concerned.
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From page 112... ...
(d) Previous experience in successful materials research management has demonstrated the usefulness of a three-cornered interaction matrix between mission, in-house technical competence, and extramural programs.
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From page 113... ...
The government's role in this new concept lies in granting economic incentives to stimulate commercial recycling enterprises. This could include a revision of the tax structure to allow a resource-recovery deduction; rapid plant and equipment decpreciation; subsidized trash and scrap collection; government-financed research; preferential transportation policies and rates; financial guarantees or loans; and material purchase guarantees.
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"A sufficient supply of clean energy is essential if we are to sustain healthy economic growth and improve the quality of our national life. I am therefore announcing today a broad range of actions to ensure an adequate supply of clean energy for the years ahead.
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To identify materials needs and problems associated with buildings and construction technology, the following list provides a representative sampling of specific problems (prepared by experts in the National Bureau of Standards' Building Research Division) of primary importance in this area.
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From page 116... ...
7-116 Sealants: These are used to provide more-or-less permanent joints between brick walls and ceilings or between marble slabs. Their main purpose is to exclude water and air.
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