Materials and Man's Needs Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume IV, Aspects of Materials Technology Abroad (1975) / Chapter Skim
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International Cooperation
International Cooperation
Pages 253-272
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The growth rate of the materials literature is rapid and represents a significant and expanding man-power investment. The categories of strong publication seem to reflect the areas of strong industrial activity in various countries.
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(e) The necessity of employing science and technology more effectively in the achievement of the great social aims of this age." Elaborating on some of these points, Pollack went on: "international scientific relationships must be insulated from transitory political considerations and they have possibly unique capabilities of transcending political differences." But, "the absence of political agreement, frequently occasioned by national ambitions or concerns regarding soverignty, is an effective barrier to many necessary endeavours in science and technology which can be accomplished only by international cooperation ...
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scientists to utilize unique research facilities created by and financed by other nations."
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"Could one goal of an international scientific policy be to increase the ability of all nations to use the scientific method itself in approaching their own national problems and thus increase, on an international basis, the total effect of the values to be derived from the scientific method? "Is it possible that under some form of international science policy, a steady increase in the competence of scientists in all nations could be made available to the political leaders of those nations so that each nation would have leaders and diplomats in a better position to negotiate those international arrangements most condusive to the achievement of its national objectives?
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Enough has been written on this subject of environmental hazards elsewhere to make it unnecessary to elaborate these dangers further. With the appearance of technologies of global impact and influence, the question of international regulation begins to be asked CThe Evolution of International Technology, Congressional Research Service, December 1970~: "As technology has made the world more a "village world", there has been a growing tendency since the foundation of the United Nations for international bodies to concern themselves with matters...wh~ch were formerly held
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Much of this bears directly on the materials field. Mineral and industrial operations with materials are major sources of pollutants as are the chemical reactions that occur in such industrial products as internal combustion engines.
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Space technology has led to earth resource satellites for surveys of global resources of agricultural and mineral wealth, and for the management of these resources. Possible applications of satellite data include: geologic mapping, mineral resource investigation; thermal activity in connect tion with volcanic eruptions; observations of magnetic and gravity fields on a global basis; tectonic analysis of earthquake belts; data useful in planning site selection for large engineering works; continuous mapping of subaqueous deposition, channel-filling, and excavation; and effects of floods and other natural changes in large coastal deltas.
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The pollution proposals received fairly general acceptance and several countries declared they would coordinate parts of their national research efforts in this field. They also declared that relevant laws in the European Economic Community (EEC)
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was the International Geophysical Year in which various nations generated and pooled basic information about the planet, earth. Further such exercises in international cooperation would seem timely, particularly in generating more detailed and calibrated information about mineral resources.
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In a previous group, now disestablished, subjects such as education, national policies for materials, technological forecasting, and biomaterials were investigated. The OECD should be well placed to serve the materials field and it is to be hoped that a more vigorous role in various aspects of the materials cycle, including materials, energy, and environmental conservation, will evolve.
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On the whole, the best subjects for formal common institutions are those in which the public interest is predominant. And the materials field, along with energy and the environment, will increasingly offer such opportunities.
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Cooperation with Developing Countries The materials field forces attention on cooperation between the advanced countries (AC ' s ~ and the less developed countries (LDC ' s ~ . As the LDC ' s occupy a much larger fraction of the planet's land area than do the AC's, then by
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Quoting Walter Orr Roberts: 25 "I am much impressed with the important technology transfer that sometimes materializes, under favorable circumstances, when multinational corporations take up the task of establishing industrial plants in developing regions. In areas where the prints of advanced technology are to be brought to a poor area, the sophistication to install environmentallysound plants, the skill to integrate local managements, and to develop local markets in concord with local mores -- these things seem often to be especially well done by multinational corporations, and at small public cost." (See also next section.)
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and here the United States, with the highest technological problem-solving capacity in the world, can play a major role." Wars of implementing policies to strengthen local scientifictecl~nological problem-solving competence are for governments and their agencies in the AC's and their counterparts in LDC's to engage in joint technology programs, to create research councils and institutes to help modify educational approaches, and to develop guidelines for industrial research which will be cognizant not only of technical and economic considerations but also of the long-term effects of the proposed technology on the society as a whole. A sound R&D infrastructure is an essential element, particularly for the transfer of the more sophisticated technologies.
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publication.28 They apply as much to the materials field as to science more broadly. "The needs of the developing countries for science and technology are undoubtedly different from those of the developed countries.
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The report concluded by recommending that "governments organize formal arrangements permitting scientists and engineers from AC's to spend periods of time in LDC's both to provide technical assistance and education, in situ, and to familiarize themselves with problems and conditions". Interactions with LDC's Particularly Concerning Materials Almost all relationships in the materials field with LDC's involve ownership of mineral resources and involve issues related to the degree of integration from ore to manufactured products.
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Some countries have created scientific research institutes, and creditable technical university research is conducted, but the lack of infrastructure represented by equipment and process-design capabilities severely limits the development of a complete MSE structure. Since most innovation in metals production has been in the area of process conception and design, the lack of matching capital-goods industries slows down the widespread transfer of technology by means other than importing process equipment from highlydeveloped countries.
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Emphasis on particular raw materials is almost exclusively determined by the availability of local raw materials. Educational and research facilities tend to reflect the state of product integration achieved in a given country.
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The technical collaboration on a purely commercial basis with industry in the developed countries can be a very effective avenue for the transfer of technology to a developing country. This could include: Ca)
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Korean Institute for Science and Technology - Example of U.S. Aid This Institute can be examined as a possible model for LDC's, especially those which are poor in conventional natural resources, South Korea is one of the world's most rapidly developing nations, having at present relatively low labor rates and thereby encouraging industrial activity as Japan did earlier.
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