Protecting Our Forces Improving Vaccine Acquisition and Availability in the U.S. Military (2002) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 Introduction and History
1 Introduction and History
Pages 9-19
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 9... ...
warfighters, along with others, may face the intentional use of weaponized infectious agents. Until World War II, deaths due to infectious diseases outnumbered those due to direct combat injuries (Gordon, 1958~.
|
From page 10... ...
Infectious diseases continue to contribute substantially to morbidity during deployments, as shown in Figure 1-1. The severity of the threat to military operations from infectious diseases has been recognized since the beginning of the science of microbiology and has prompted a substantial body of military research on the subject and many advances in public health.
|
From page 11... ...
Table 1-1 summarizes important advances in the control of militarily important infectious diseases that have resulted in part or in whole from the activities of the Army Medical Department. The list is a veritable history of public health advances and testifies to the key role that military scientists and epidemiologists have played not only in keeping soldiers healthy but also in contributing to improvements in the general public health.
|
From page 12... ...
. Jaundice Smallpox vaccine licensed Troops stationed in Okinawa, Japan, immunized against Japanese encephalitis Discovery that adenovirus types 3, 4, and 7 cause most cases of acute respiratory diseases in recruits; adenovirus vaccine research and development initiated Anthrax vaccine developed Outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis on military posts stimulated the study of meningococcal infection and the development of vaccines against meningococcal groups A, C, Y
|
From page 13... ...
1970s Live attenuated dengue virus vaccine strains developed; INDs filed 1970 Anthrax vaccine licensed 1972-1975 INDs filed for Q fever vaccine and live attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine 1980 Adenovirus vaccines licensed for use in military populations, leading to nearly complete control of epidemic respiratory diseases in recruits 1984-1986 INDs filed for vaccines against western equine encephalitis, Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and chikungunya virus 1985 Efficacy of Japanese encephalitis vaccine demonstrated in Thailand; licensure application coordinated by U.S. Army Medical Materiel Development Activity; license granted by Food and Drug Administration 1985-1986 Hepatitis A vaccine developed and tested by WRAIR 1986 WRAIR classification of human immunodeficiency virus infections published 1987 Manufacturing technology for hepatitis A vaccine transferred from WRAIR to a commercial manufacturer; vaccine licensed in 1995 1991 IND filed for Rift Valley fever vaccine 1996 Recombinant circumsporozoite malaria vaccine developed by the U.S.
|
From page 14... ...
Diarrhea Hepatitis, Japanese encephalitis, Korean hemorrhagic fever, malaria, STDs (especially gonorrhea) Dengue, diarrhea, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, meningitis, schistosomiasis, scrub typhus, STDs Diarrhea, hepatitis, malaria, meningitis, sandfly fever Diarrhea, influenza, meningitis, pneumonia, tetanus, typhus, wound infections Cuba 1900 Malaria, typhoid, yellow fever *
|
From page 15... ...
DoD's responsibility for the protection of military and civilian populations alike compels its interest in infectious disease prevention and, by extension, vaccines. History Although many things have changed during the more than century-long history of the Army Medical Department's research and development efforts, the Army Medical Department's goal has stayed remarkably constant: highly focused research and product development efforts designed to mitigate the impacts of infectious diseases on military operations.
|
From page 16... ...
The Vietnam War experience resulted in focused attention on malaria, viral hepatitis, dengue, scrub typhus, murine typhus, leptospirosis, bacterial diarrheas, and plague. How Current Priorities Emerge Ironically, the considerable success of these efforts has complicated the management of military medical research and development efforts to control infectious diseases.
|
From page 17... ...
Army Medical Research and Materiel Command on November 6,2000, to urge action to restore the availability and production of adenovirus vaccines (IOM, 2000a)
|
From page 18... ...
of the National Academies convened an expert committee to advise the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command on the management of research and development efforts related to naturally occurring infectious disease threats to members of the U.S.
|
From page 19... ...
Army Medical Research and Materiel Command in infectious disease-related research and development and vaccine acquisition, including the committee's understanding of how current priorities emerge and the organizational context within which MIDRP operates within DoD. Chapter 3 describes current naturally occurring infectious disease threats and the available vaccine countermeasures.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.