Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2005) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
12. Physical Activity
12. Physical Activity
Pages 880-935
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 880... ...
Increasing EEPA, or maintaining an active lifestyle provides an important means for individuals to balance food energy intake with total energy expenditure.
|
From page 881... ...
The beneficial outcomes of regular physical activity and exercise appear to pertain to persons of all ages, and both women and men of diverse ethnic groups. Throughout history, balancing dietary energy intake and total energy expenditure (TEE)
|
From page 882... ...
issued in 1972 the first of its handbooks and statements on the use of endurance exercise training and exercise testing for the diagnosis and prevention of heart disease (AHA, 1972)
|
From page 883... ...
. This guide describes the benefits of regular physical activity and makes specific recommendations to improve fitness and achieve particular health-related outcomes such as decreasing the risk of premature death from chronic diseases (heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure, type II diabetes, osteoporosis, stroke, colon cancer, and depression)
|
From page 884... ...
. Thus, changing activity level can have major impacts on total energy expenditure (TEE)
|
From page 885... ...
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 885 TABLE 12-1 Intensity and Impact of Various Activities on Physical Activity Level (PAL) in Adultsa Metabolic Equivalents Activity (METs)
|
From page 886... ...
The TEF dissipates about 10 percent of the food energy consumed. The impact of a given activity on daily energy expenditure under conditions of energy balance thus includes the intensity of the physical activity in terms of METS, the EPOC, and the TEF and expressed as: # of METs × min × 0.022 kcal/kg/min × kg body weight, where 0.022 kcal/kg/min = 0.0175 kcal/kg/min × 1.15 percent (EPOC)
|
From page 887... ...
is defined as the ratio of total energy expenditure (TEE) to basal energy expenditure (BEE)
|
From page 888... ...
FIGURE 12-1 Relationship of basal energy expenditure (BEE) , metabolic equivalents rate and body weight in 30-year-old adults.
|
From page 889... ...
The effect of walking/jogging on energy expenditure at various speeds is given in Table 12-1 in terms of METs and is also shown in the upper panel of Figure 12-2. The middle panel describes the energy expended in kcal/hour for walking or jogging at various speeds by individuals weighing 70 or 57 kg (the reference body weights for men and women, respectively from Table 1-1.
|
From page 890... ...
while walking/jogging 1 h at various speeds. The lower panel shows the increase in daily energy expenditure induced by walking/jogging 1 m at various speeds for a 70-kg man ()
|
From page 891... ...
walking one mile at various speeds. Figures 12-5 for men and 12-6 for women show how body weight influences how far and for how many minutes adults must walk at speeds of 2, 3, 4, or 5 mph (or to engage in activities rated as MET = 2.5, 3.3, 4.5, or 8.0)
|
From page 892... ...
(upper panels of Figures 12-5 and 12-6) , the time required for a given impact on PAL is reduced.
|
From page 893... ...
and 0.9 accounts for a 10% dissipation of food energy consumed by the thermic effect of food) and related to predicted basal energy expenditures for 30-year-old men calculated from the predictive basal energy expenditure equations in Chapter 5; see "Estimation of Energy Expenditure in Normal and Overweight/Obese Adults."
|
From page 894... ...
and 0.9 accounts for a 10 percent dissipation of food energy consumed by the thermic effect of food) and related to predicted basal energy expenditures for 30-year-old women calculated from the predictive basal energy expenditure (BEE)
|
From page 895... ...
. While this is true, because energy expenditure increases with increasing body weight, there is a greater total daily energy expenditure in obese subjects (Table 5-10 and 5-11)
|
From page 896... ...
896 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 12-2 Intensity and Impact of Various Activities on Physical Activity Level (PAL) Estimations (Daily Example)
|
From page 897... ...
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 897 Sedentaryb Low Activeb Activeb Active (Mix) b Very Activeb Avg Min PAL Min PAL Min PAL Min PAL Min PAL 10 0.014 10 0.012 10 0.012 10 0.029 10 0.032 10 0.022 30 0.099 30 0.099 10 0.033 25 0.113 45 0.203 10 0.088 15 0.132 10 0.105 10 0.057 40 0.152 20 0.076 60 0.228 continued
|
From page 898... ...
4.5 0.033 0.20 Raking lawn 4.0 0.029 0.17 Riding in a vehicle 1.0 0 0 Taking out trash 3.0 0.019 0.11 Vacuuming 3.5 0.024 0.14 Walking the dog 3.0 0.019 0.11 Walking from house to car or bus 2.5 0.014 0.09 Watering plants 2.5 0.014 0.09 PAL/day due to activities of daily living Sedentary PAL = basal energy expenditure (BEE) + thermic effect of food (0.1 × BEE)
|
From page 899... ...
: PAL 1.6 < 1.9; Very Active: PAL 1.9 < 2.5. The factorial approach summations of various estimates of activities and durations applied in Tables 12-2 and 12-3 to evaluate energy turnover is more convenient than previous procedures inasmuch as it is applicable without making reference to body weight, as required, though often ignored, in estimating increments in energy expenditure in terms of their cost in kcal.
|
From page 900... ...
900 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 12-3 Weekly Activities and Their Impact on Physical Activity Level (PAL) in an Active Individual (Weekly Activity Log)
|
From page 901... ...
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 901 Weekly Activity Log Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Total (min)
|
From page 902... ...
Torun (1990) compiled the energy expenditure of several common activities in children from 28 studies and expressed the data as multiples of basal metabolic rate (BMR)
|
From page 903... ...
To classify children into PAL categories, judgment must be made on their PAL. In Tables 12-6 and 12-7, the differences in energy expenditure
|
From page 904... ...
Energy expenditure of categories of Energy Expenditure activity at different ages expressed as (kcal/kg/min) multiples of BMR (Torun, 1990)
|
From page 905... ...
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 905 PAL/10 min PAL/60 min 1.56 712 1314 1516 1719 1.56 712 1314 1516 1719 0.0009 0.0009 0.0000 0.0009 0.0009 0.0053 0.0053 0.0000 0.0053 0.0053 0.0018 0.0018 0.0009 0.0018 0.0036 0.0107 0.0107 0.0053 0.0107 0.0213 0.0027 0.0044 0.0044 0.0160 0.0266 0.0266 0.0107 0.0098 0.0124 0.0639 0.0586 0.0746 0.0098 0.0169 0.0160 0.0204 0.0186 0.0586 0.1012 0.0959 0.1225 0.1118 0.0142 0.0213 0.0249 0.0302 0.0852 0.1278 0.1491 0.1811 0.008 0.0062 0.048 0.0373 0.018 0.108 0.008 0.012 0.013 0.0133 0.048 0.072 0.078 0.0799 0.013 0.033 0.020 0.078 0.198 0.120 0.019 0.0231 0.026 0.114 0.1385 0.041 0.039 0.246 PAL/10 min PAL/60 min 1.56 712 1314 1516 1719 1.56 712 1314 1516 1719 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0053 0.0053 0.0053 0.0018 0.0018 0.0036 0.0018 0.0018 0.0107 0.0107 0.0213 0.0107 0.0107 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0213 0.0213 0.0213 0.0098 0.0151 0.0195 0.0213 0.0213 0.0586 0.0905 0.1172 0.1278 0.1278 0.0142 0.0852 0.005 0.005 0.030 0.030 0.007 0.007 0.042 0.042 0.017 0.017 0.102 0.102 0.023 0.023 0.138 0.138 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.013 0.019 0.019 0.078 0.114 0.114 0.026 0.026 0.156- 0.156 0.043 0.043 0.258 0.258
|
From page 906... ...
bBEE = Basal Energy Expenditure, calculated from equations in Chapter 5; see "TEE Equations for Normal-Weight Children." cMET = Metabolic Equivalents as calculated from BEE/weight (kg) /1,440 minutes (1 day)
|
From page 907... ...
. h Calculated by dividing the difference in energy expenditure from sedentary level (kcal/d)
|
From page 908... ...
bBEE = Basal Energy Expenditure, calculated from equations in Chapter 5; see "TEE Equations for Normal-Weight Children." cMET = Metabolic Equivalents as calculated from BEE/weight (kg) /1,440 minutes (1 day)
|
From page 909... ...
. h Calculated by dividing the difference in energy expenditure from sedentary level (kcal/d)
|
From page 910... ...
that provide advice for the general public and health professionals. Historically, concern has been that intense physical activity could result in low birth weight infants and preterm delivery, but this concern needs to be balanced against the need to control body weight during pregnancy and afterward and current evidence that prudent physical activity performed at moderate intensities within current guidelines has no adverse effects on fetal development (Mottola and Wolfe, 2000)
|
From page 911... ...
. Thus on the average, an energy expenditure equivalent to at least 60 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity is required to raise the PAL from the "sedentary" to the "active" category (PAL 1.6 < 1.9)
|
From page 912... ...
The interrelationships between physical activity and cancer, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and skeletal health are detailed in Chapter 3. Table 12-9 shows seven prospective studies that associated varying ranges of leisure time energy expenditure (kcal/day or kcal/week)
|
From page 913... ...
The proposed recommendation for a daily energy expenditure equivalent to that expended during 60 minutes of brisk walking is consistent with those recommendations in Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (HHS, 1996)
|
From page 914... ...
914 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 12-9 Prospective Studies on the Level of Physical Activity in Reducing the Risk of Chronic Disease and Mortality Reference Subjects Study Designa Paffenbarger 16,936 Harvard Questionnaire on leisure-time et al., 1978 male alumni, physical activity, 6- to 10-y 3574 y follow-up on risk of first heart attack Paffenbarger 16,936 Harvard Questionnaire on leisure-time et al., 1986 male alumni, physical activity, 12- to 16-y 3574 y follow-up on all-cause mortality Leon et al., 12,866 men, Multiple Risk Factor 1987 3557 y Intervention Trial using Minnesota questionnaire of leisure-time physical activity, 7-y follow-up on CHD, other and all-cause mortality Slattery et al., 3,043 U.S. Leisure-time physical activity 1989 male railroad questionnaire, 17- to 20-y workers follow-up on CHD and all cause mortality Helmrich et al., 5,990 men, Questionnaire on leisure-time 1991 3968 y physical activity, 14-y follow up on development of type 2 diabetes Haapanen et al., 1,072 Finnish Questionnaire on leisure-time 1996 men, 3563 y physical activity, 10-y follow up on the incidence of all cause mortality and CVD mortality
|
From page 915... ...
was 1,0011,999 kcal/wk The minimum amount of mild/moderate The minimum range of mild/moderate physical activity associated with a physical activity associated with a reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes reduced risk of type 2 diabetes was was 1,0001,499 kcal/wk 3045 min/d The incidence of type 2 diabetes declined The amount of mild/moderate physical as energy expenditure increased from activity associated with the maximum < 500 (rr = 1) to > 3,500 kcal/wk reduction in type 2 diabetes was (rr = 0.48)
|
From page 916... ...
been related to various forms of exercise, particularly acute and chronic aerobic exercise. The research evidence now supports stronger conclusions than presented in the Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (HHS, 1996)
|
From page 917... ...
. BALANCE OF CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPID OXIDATION DURING EXERCISE AND RECOVERY The balance of carbohydrate and lipid used by an individual during exercise depends mainly on relative intensity, or level of effort as related to the individual's maximal rate of oxygen consumption (Vo2max)
|
From page 918... ...
Beyond the overriding effect of relative exercise intensity, other factors such as exercise duration, gender, training status, and dietary history play important, but secondary, roles in determining the pattern of substrate utilization (Brooks et al., 2000)
|
From page 919... ...
, which averaged 39 and 58 mL of oxygen/min/kg body weight among the UT and T cyclists.
|
From page 920... ...
For exercises intensities greater than 50 percent of Vo2max, the oxidation of free fatty acids declines in muscle, both as a percentage of total energy as well as on an absolute basis. In other words, there is crossover from prevalence of lipid oxidation at rest and during mild exercise to predominance of carbohydrate energy sources during moderate and greater efforts.
|
From page 921... ...
Thus, the energy flux rate will be high, but total energy liberated small. In contrast, activities of mild to moderate intensity, performed over periods of hours, can result in large increments of energy expenditure with a substantial contribution coming from lipid stores (Brooks et al., 2000)
|
From page 922... ...
. Growth and Development In general, in children maximal oxygen consumption is higher per unit of body weight and higher in boys than girls, although the difference is small until the pubertal growth.
|
From page 923... ...
, prolonged mild to moderate intensity endurance exercise can change body composition.
|
From page 924... ...
bAmong students enrolled in physical education classes.
|
From page 925... ...
With regard to the impact of activity level on energy balance, modifications in the amounts, type, and frequency of food consumption may need to be considered within the context of overall health and fitness objectives. Such distinct objectives may be as varied as: adjustment in body weight to allow peak performance in various activities, replenishment of muscle and liver glycogen reserves, accretion of muscle mass in growing children and athletes in training, or loss of body fat in overweight individuals.
|
From page 926... ...
Activity-related injuries are always frustrating and often avoidable, but they do occur and need to be resolved in the interest of longterm general health and short-term physical fitness. Dehydration and Hyperthermia Physical activity results in conversion of the potential chemical energy in carbohydrates and fats to mechanical energy, but in this process most (~ 75 percent)
|
From page 927... ...
. A weight loss of 1 to 2 percent of body weight on a day following exercise cannot be attributed to a loss of body fat, but reflects some degree of hypohydration that needs to be compensated for by the consumption of fluids (ACSM et al., 2000)
|
From page 928... ...
Men over 40 years of age and women over 50 years of age, those with pre-existing conditions, known or suspected risk factors or symptoms of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases (physical inactivity being a known risk factor) should seek medical evaluation as well as clinical exercise testing, clearance, and advice prior to initiating an exercise program (ACSM, 2000)
|
From page 929... ...
· More information is needed to identify the mechanisms by which acute and chronic physical activity alter substrate utilization and body composition. · Efforts need to be undertaken to develop reliable, noninvasive, and clinically appropriate measurements of body composition, cardiovascular function, and physical fitness.
|
From page 930... ...
1992. Total energy expenditure and spontaneous activity in relation to training in obese boys.
|
From page 931... ...
Med Sci Sports Exerc 31:1217. Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, Chaitman B, Eckel R, Fleg J, Froelicher VF, Leon AS, Piña IL, Rodney R, Simons-Morton DG, Williams MA, Bazzarre T
|
From page 932... ...
Med Sci Sports Exerc 24:462466. Kraus H, Hirschland RP.
|
From page 933... ...
1987. Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death.
|
From page 934... ...
1986. Determinants of 24-hour energy expenditure in man.
|
From page 935... ...
1998. Energy expenditure in children predicted from heart rate and activity calibrated against respiration calorimetry.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.