Toxicologic Assessment of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 (2003) / Chapter Skim
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12 Carcinogenic Effects of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8
12 Carcinogenic Effects of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8
Pages 141-161
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From page 141... ...
SUMMARY OF STUDIES DISCUSSED IN THE 1996 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT The National Research Council (NRC) Subcommittee on Permissible Exposure Levels for Military Fuels reviewed studies relevant to the evaluation of the carcinogenicity of JP-5, JP-8, and diesel fuel marine (DFM)
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From page 142... ...
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From page 147... ...
The Subcommittee on Permissible Exposure Levels for Military Fuels also discussed animal studies of chronic inhalation exposures to JP-4 and unleadedgasoline vapor; studies of subchronic inhalation exposures to JP-8, JP-5, and JP-4; and studies of dermal exposure (skin painting)
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From page 148... ...
20003. Numerous studies of the carcinogenic potential of gasoline streams and related middle distillates have appeared in the open literature.
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From page 149... ...
Other jet fuels have not been tested in lifetime rodent carcinogenicity bioassays by the inhalation route, but 12-mo exposure studies of JP-4 and 90day continuous-exposure studies of JP-5 discussed in the 1996 National Research Council report are briefly described here. Bruner et al.
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From page 150... ...
Briefly, groups of 15 C3H/fBd mice of each gender received dermal applications of JP- 8, JP-5, or D FM 3 times /wk for 60 wk undiluted or as a 50% weight/volume dilution in cyclohexane; controls received cyclohexane. The entirety of the information provided in the published report on tumor occurrence consists of the statement that "skin tumors occurred in only 34 of the 360 test mice and in only 1 of 60 cyclohexane control mice." Jet fuels other than JP-8 have been tested for carcinogenicity in animal studies by the dermal route.
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From page 151... ...
MD API 81 -07, a hydrodesulfurized kerosene, was also shown to induce skin tumors in a C3H/HeJ mouse skin-painting 2-yr bioassay in 50% of the animals with a tumor latency of 76 wk (API 1988, as cited by Skisak 19913. An MDF known as lightly refined paraffinic oil was tested in the C3H mouse skin-painting model, applied neat and in 25% and 50% dilutions in mineral oil or in toluene (Freeman et al.
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From page 152... ...
In addition, hydrodesulfurized kerosene, hydrodesulfurized middle distillates, and lightly refined paraffinic oil have been tested for initiating activity with the model. Those studies are briefly described below.
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From page 153... ...
Lightly refined paraffinic oil was not a tumor initiator in this assay: only three of 30 animals that were treated with the test material and TPA developed skin tumors compared with nine of 30 control animals that were treated with acetone and TPA. In the promoter test, the lightly refined paraffinic oil was applied to DMBA-treated mouse skin in a 28-wk study.
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From page 154... ...
In light of that sparseness, and the small amount of data available on related mixtures, such as other jet fuels and MDFs, the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of some individual components of JP-8 that are identified as being among the top 10 constituents of the liquid fuel (by weight percentage) or as carcinogens are briefly discussed below.
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From page 155... ...
on the basis of sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and inadequate evidence in humans (IARC 2000~. In 2-yr inhalation bioassays conducted by the NTP, increased incidences of renal tumors and testicular adenomas were observed in male rats exposed to ethylbenzene at 750 ppm, and the incidences of several tumor types in the lung, liver, thyroid, and pituitary of mice were signif~cantly increased (NTP 19993.
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From page 156... ...
The NTP found clear evidence of the carcinogenicity of naphthalene in male and female F344/N rats exposed to naphthalene vapors at 0, 10, 30, or 60 ppm for 6 in/day, 5 days/wk for 2 yr on the basis of increased incidences of respiratory epithelial adenoma (males, control, low-dose, middle-dose, and high-dose groups, 0%, 12%, 17%, and 31%, respectively; females, 0%, 0%, 8%, and 4%, respectively) and olfactory epithelial neuroblastoma of the nose (males, 0%, 0%, 8%, and 6%; females, 0%, 4%, 6%, and 24%)
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From page 157... ...
. It exhibited cocarcinogenicity by enhancing the mouse skin carcinogenicity of benzotaipyrene (when applied to the skin 3 times/wk together with a low dose of benzo taipyrene)
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From page 158... ...
However, because some studies show that chronic dermal exposure to high doses of jet fuels or other petroleum products produces skin tumors, the subcommittee recommends that the Department of Defense (DOD) conduct lifetime carcinogenicity bioassays by the inhalation route in two animal species to determine whether JP-8 is carcinogenic via inhalation.
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From page 159... ...
1993. Evaluation ofthe contribution of chronic skin irritation and selected compositional parameters to the tumorigenicity of petroleum middle distillates in mouse skin.
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1999. The role of dermal irritation in the skin tumor promoting activity of petroleum middle distillates.
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From page 161... ...
1991. The role of chronic acanthosis and subacute inflammation in tumor promotion in CD-1 mice by petroleum middle distillates.
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