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One Step at a Time The Staged Development of Geologic Repositories for High-Level Radioactive Waste (2003) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix C: NASA's Apollo and Space Station Programs
Pages 153-158

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From page 153...
... The project's consequences developed quickly: the public failures of early (unmanned) launch vehicles in the Mercury Program resulted in highly visible corrective actions.
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From page 154...
... The program received generous financial resources and political support; cost overruns were not a factor in determining success. Supporters could tolerate a few years of overruns; indeed, annual program costs peaked two years before the Moon landing, and their decline encouraged continued support (Konkel, 1990~.
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From page 155...
... Redesigns, cost estimates, and surprises chased each other: for example, the 1986 Challenger accident 2This appendix draws heavily on the work of Marcia S Smith, an analyst at the Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, who has followed NASA programs for years and the Space Station program from its inception (Smith, 2001, 2002~.
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From page 156...
... For example, the $8 billion estimate from 1984 was only for research and development and was expressed in FY1984 dollars. In the FY1988 NASA authorization bill, however, Congress directed NASA to include other costs in the estimate, including, for example, marginal shuttle launch costs during assembly; tracking and data services; the since canceled flight telerobotic servicer; and ground test facilities.
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From page 157...
... Thus, the $8 billion was an estimate for a much more capable set of space facilities than the occupied base being built today. Different cost estimates from FY1985-2000 cover work to complete different stages, either "assembly complete" or "permanent human occupancy", and do not include operational costs past those dates.
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From page 158...
... 1992. The lonely race to Mars: The future of manned space flight.
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Key Terms

  • international space
  • station program
  • cost overruns
  • adaptive staging
  • cost estimates

  • linear staging
  • linear approach
  • apollo program
  • cost evaluation
  • iss program

  • political support
  • launch costs
  • successful example
  • crew return
  • international partners

  • nasa returned
  • evaluation task
  • station management
  • challenger accident
  • occupied station

  • policy alternatives
  • automated platforms
  • electrical power
  • return vehicle
  • directed nasa

  • space policy
  • matching criteria
  • permanently occupied
  • using adaptive
  • compare directly


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