Factors Affecting the Utilization of the International Space Station for Research in the Biological and Physical Sciences (2003) / Chapter Skim
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3 Impact of ISS Changes on Bioastronautics
3 Impact of ISS Changes on Bioastronautics
Pages 29-48
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From page 29... ...
The Bioastronautics Research Division within NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research sponsors research in a large number of areas, including bone and muscle studies in animals and humans, radiation biology, and behavioral research. There is clearly some overlap with fundamental biological research in such areas as mammalian muscle and bone development, but the task group has generally chosen to use NASA's categorization for individual experiments.
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From page 30... ...
Flight medicine, an intramural NASA program that prescribes countermeasures and makes ongoing measurements; in addition, flight medicine programs for individual nations can specify countermeasure programs for their astronauts (Ohshima et al., 2002~; . Russian biomedical research program, an independent Russian effort to study physiology and develop countermeasures; · European Space Agency projects, ESA-sponsored experiments participated in by European astronauts who fly on the Soyuz to the ISS on taxi flights; and .
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From page 31... ...
xerclse Bicycle ergometer Treadmill Interim resistive exercise device X X X X X X X X X X X X X Muscle strength torque andjoint angle Muscle atrophy research and exercise system Resistive exercise device X Hand grip/pinch force X X dynamometer Cardiovascular loading Lower-body negative pressure Posture Foot-ground interface NASA NASA NASA NASA http://lslife jsc.nasa.gov/hardware/mbpd.html http://lslife jsc.nasa.gov/hardware/abps.html http://lslife j sc. nasa.gov/hardware/ebpd.html NASA/ http://www.estec.esa.nl/spaceflight/pems.html ESA NASA/ ESA NASA http://lslife jsc.nasa.gov/hardware/gasmap.html NASA NASA http://lslifejsc.nasa.gov/hardware/holter.html NASA http://lslife jsc.nasa.gov/hardware/pulseseox.html NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA/ ESA NASA NASA/ ESA X X DLR 31 http://lslife jsc.nasa.gov/hardware/ultra.html http://lslife jsc.nasa.gov/hardware/sample.html http://lslife jsc.nasa.gov/hardware/cevis.html http://lslife jsc.nasa.gov/hardware/tvis.html http://www.estec.esa.nl/spaceflight/mares.html http://www.estec.esa.nl/spaceflight/hd.html http://lslife jsc.nasa.gov/hardware/lbnp.html http://lslife.jsc.nasa.gov/hardware/fgi.html
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From page 32... ...
html http ://www.estec.esa.int/spaceflight/epm/epmintro. html instrument NOTE: This list, from the Space Life Sciences and Space Sciences Flight Experiments Information Package, indicates the equipment that was planned for research use on the ISS at the time of its publication (ISLSWG, 2001~.
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From page 33... ...
In the current Core Complete plan, a total of an hour and a half per crew member is available on landing day for all scientific measurements on the crew. Separate time is allocated for flight medicine measurements, but these are not considered research data by NASA.2 More time is available on subsequent days.
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From page 34... ...
The flight medicine program, however, collects data that are classified as private medical data and so are not routinely shared, although a method is being developed to share grouped data. The Russian program collects data on both cosmonauts and astronauts, but this information is also not readily available.
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From page 35... ...
The restrictions listed in Box 3.1 refer to the assembly phase of the ISS, but due to the reductions in crew time on Core Complete it is unlikely that these restrictions could be relaxed after assembly has ended. For instance, since most countermeasure validation experiments would, by their very nature, require collection of baseline data shortly before flight and immediately after landing, the restrictions placed by NASA on pre- and postflight testing (see Box 3.1 - limited baseline crew data collection on the two days after landing (R + 0 to R + 2)
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From page 36... ...
SOURCE: This material is taken from the 2001 NASA research announcement soliciting flight experiments for the ISS. l significant work.
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From page 37... ...
. Russian biomedical research program, an independent Russian effort to study physiology and develop countermeasures, includes two ongoing flight experiments (cardio-lower body negative pressure (LBNP and pulse)
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From page 38... ...
One ongoing NASA research project is studying midodrine as a countermeasure for orthostatic intolerance. Given the limited number of crew members to study and the constraints on crew time, it is unlikely that any other countermeasure validation studies could or should be supported.
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From page 39... ...
, or operational efficiency would benefit research. The research efforts of the NRA, NSBRI, CEVP, and flight medicine and Russian programs could be coordinated to eliminate conflicts, overlaps, and duplication of effort.
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From page 40... ...
. These cuts will have a major negative impact on bone and muscle cell biology studies, and on animal studies once the animal habitats are on board because, in order to do procedures on animals, the habitats must be linked to the life sciences glovebox.
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From page 41... ...
contained within EXPRESS racks are controlled either by the crew or remotely from the ground by the payload rack officer on duty at the Payload Operations Center at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. · The Human Research Facility (HRF)
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From page 42... ...
Unfortunately, these potential countermeasures can sometimes be prescribed by astronauts' and cosmonauts' physicians without being part of a study and without plans for formal evaluation. Animal studies could be performed if the animal habitat on the Core Complete ISS (along with the 1-g centrifuge and the life sciences glove box)
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From page 43... ...
If there are not appropriate controls, such as that to be provided by the 1-g centrifuge, or if an experiment is postponed for so long that the graduate students who were scheduled to work on it have since finished their PhDs, or if the new and better measurement equipment exists but is not approved for ISS experiments, it will be difficult to retain existing investigators, let alone attract new ones. Maximizing ISS Research Potential As noted throughout this section, the ISS research potential for studies on bone and muscle physiology on Core Complete is particularly limited by the absence of three resources: the animal habitat (for vertebrate animal studies)
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From page 44... ...
and, for example, astronauts traveling to Mars, the hazards may be significant. The diminished shielding by Earth's atmosphere and decreased diversion of charged particles by Earth's magnetic field result in increased dose rates of ionizing radiation.
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From page 45... ...
. Factors Limiting Utilization of the ISS Among the biomedical research countermeasure goals listed by NASA (Fogleman, 2001)
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From page 46... ...
Such experiments, on-orbit, are labor-intensive and probably could not be carried out if there were only a three-member crew. Moreover, the lack of the advanced animal habitat and the centrifuge module eliminates the possibility of doing any such controlled vertebrate experiments relating biological effects of radiation with microgravity.
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From page 47... ...
The combined effect of all these factors serves to discourage new investigators from entering the field and alienates established researchers. Plans call for both HRF racks to be deployed by January 2003, so the physical resources are available on the ISS to conduct numerous studies of human behavior and performance; the primary physical factor limiting utilization of the ISS in this research area is crew time.
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From page 48... ...
Information collected as part of the flight medicine program, for instance, on medication use, sleep-wake cycles, and cognitive assessments, could be used to provide further information on crew performance.
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