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Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups
Pages 63-86

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From page 63... ... was assigned the same set of questions as the basis for its discussions. The answers to these questions became the basis for the data generated in the breakout sessions. Read the entire page →
From page 64... ... semiconductors Chemical vapor deposition, etch processes Ultrapure materials � Engineering materials for advanced performance have been impacted by chemical processes and syntheses: Composites Paintings, coatings, and adhesives Teflon, polyolefins Silicones Block copolymers Living polymerization products and methods Metal complexes for polymerization Fibers clothing . mutations: Advances in processing technologies have led to new materials and forCombinatorial materials discovery Supercritical processing Cryogenic processing Genetic engineering � Electrochemical processes and devices underlie advances in energy and power systems: Electrochemical materials Batteries Fuel cells Read the entire page →
From page 65... ... � Conductive polymers (no commercial impact yet: products are being de� The discovery of plastic and crystalline materials that have promising transistor properties will likely impact future electronics (1972: conducting organic crystals; 1997: conducting polymers; 1990-ish: transistor sexithiophene) � The discovery of light-emitting diode (LED) Read the entire page →
From page 66... ... � Drug exploration using combinatorial synthesis � Encapsulation has allowed controlled release for drug delivery systems. Read the entire page →
From page 67... ... � Soft lithography imprinting: early l990s; commercial implementation: 2002 (if; cheap way to make integrated circuits Combinatorial Chemistry � Combinatorial chemistry has revolutionized drug discovery and catalyst development. � Combinatorial chemistry has revolutionized drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry. Read the entire page →
From page 68... ... � Supercritical CO2 processing; discovered in the 1980s; facilitates the synthesis of fluoropolymers (2000~. Green Breakout Group � Low volatility organics and adhesives Volatile organic compounds and water-based 1950-1960s: emulsion polymerization Particle engineering Coatings, surface treatments Weatherability Paints Reflective powder paints Adhesives � Inorganic electronic materials Zone refining-1950s; semiconductors Hydrothermal synthesis 1950s and 1960s Picoelectric Thermoelectric materials SiO2 dielectrics Optoelectronics Other inorganic electronic materials and applications Affymetrics impact: late 1990s Self-assembly processing Microcontact printing for use in lab on a chip Self-assembled monolayers: microcontact printing Spatially addressable synthesis has spawned Symyx, Affymax, Copper processing techniques for ICs (deposition, patterning, etching) Read the entire page →
From page 69... ... mun~cat~ons . Thermoelectrics: refrigerants, energy for space probes, portable coolers Active organic materials Liquid crystals: 1 800s Conducting polymers 1970s Organic semiconductors transistors Low LED displays: 1990s + Other active organic materials and applications Liquid-crystal polymers (e.g., zylon) Read the entire page →
From page 70... ... ings for memory) 1950s Diamond-like carbon thin films 1970s Chemical vapor deposition widespread (thin films, coatings, coatPlasma chemical vapor deposition Combustion chemical vapor deposition 1980s Wear resistance 1990s Heat dissipation (thin films, coatings) Read the entire page →
From page 71... ... ~1980 for fundamental work ~1990 for I-line use 1995 for deep ultraviolet Benefit: computing 71 Power and computer-active memory increases that have enabled powerful personal computers and servers, liquid crystal displays late 1990s manufacture Quasi-crystalline metal films (hard, corrosion-resistant coatings) ; impact: Advanced ion-exchange resins Original work 1950s, but improvements continue today Benefits: cheap clean water, water pure enough for semiconductor Longer-lived boilers, catalysts Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Read the entire page →
From page 72... ... 1980 Emissions control also relied on new chemical understanding of the impact of emissions on air quality, etc. � Materials ability Intrinsically conducting polymers: around 1971 Nylon invented: 1933; commercialized: 1939; impact: 1944 Teflon invented: 1938; impact: 1945 Electrochromic materials: late 1970s Polyethylene, high-density polyethylene Thermoplastics Lexan, etc.: about 20 years from innovation to profitAlloy development shape memory, superalloys Photographic film; phosphors; organic light-emitting polymers Catalysts home, hetero, zeolites, organic templates Block copolymers Quantum materials: quantum dots, buckyballs Composites � Processing and synthesis Sol-gel processing Semiconductor metallization electrochemical processing Petroleum refining, catalytic cracking Direct process for synthetic rubber; silicone polymerization Synthesis of inorganic solids (mesoporous oxides, zeolites) Read the entire page →
From page 73... ... Red Group � Chemistry Met: Biology, Medicine Implantable devices Implantable power Separation technologies Commodity production of biocatalysts, monomers, polymers To meet: Devices for functional metabolism In situ drug production Artificial organs (lungs, skin, ligaments, etc.) Nanocellular systems Human integrated computing � Chemistry Materials Science Need: Ultrahard materials Cementitious materials (not CO2 producing) Read the entire page →
From page 74... ... 74 APPENDIX E Self-organization of structures Biomolecular structure organization Yellow Group � Multifunctional materials Self-reporting materials Smart materials and learning materials Self-healing materials Interdisciplinary materials Multicomponent compounds with properties of ceramics and plastics � Environment Low volatile organic compound materials and coating Solvent-free catalysis green catalysis Membranes water purification Disassemble or disable and recycle materials Self-cleaning materials Green chemistry for materials synthesis Link behavior of biocatalysts and inorganic catalysts New catalysts for a cleaner environment Environmentally friendly materials � Health Medical and environmental diagnostics Materials for improved human performance Biocompatible materials Materials for human-computer interface Artificial organs Tissue engineering and adding biological functions to materials . Supporting technologies Controlled architecture of multicomponent materials Harnessing biological systems to prepare nonnatural materials Chain folding of polymers Prediction of materials properties from structure Better multiscale modeling Read the entire page →
From page 75... ... . Issue englneenng Biosensors Biofunctional materials Living materials � Materials that improve environment Disassemble (e.g., tires) Read the entire page →
From page 76... ... , composites, Gortex, synthetic elastomers, superabsorbents (diapers) , velcro and fasteners, processing � Personal hygiene shampoos and conditioners, soaps and detergents, hair sprays, sunscreen, diapers, cosmetics, tooth brushes and toothpaste, colorants � IT and communication optical fibers and coatings, optoelectronics, microelectronics, displays, RF and microwave, portable communications, storage, hard copy and printing, packaging, processing, personal electronics, reduced waste stream in processing, amorphous materials � Environment PVC pipe, water purifications, catalytic converters, waste treatment, sensors, fuel cells and photovoltaics, coatings, green processing and green materials, nuclear waste separation and containment � Transportation tires, roads, lightweight materials, coatings, corrosionresistant or reflective paints, ceramics, strength-temperature-wear, sensors, fuels Read the entire page →
From page 77... ... Physics Liquid crystals Surface chemistry (monolayers) Spin glasses Electron-phonon coupling � Materials Ceramics Magnetic materials High-temperature materials Semiconductors Conducting polymers High-temperature superconductors Microphotonics High temperature sensors Imaging Quantum devices Nonlinear optics Data and storage 77 Read the entire page →
From page 78... ... : protein templates Advanced micro- and nanofabrication � Crystal growth and engineering � Combinatorial synthesis Protein folding � Self-assembly How has research in the chemical sciences been influences by advances in other areas? Dynamics of processes: Selective catalyst design "Impossible" materials � Global climate change Energy of recapture Advanced battery and fuel cells (alternative energy) Read the entire page →
From page 79... ... Sustainable routes to materials Energy efficiency Materials efficiency (e.g. recycle whole polymers or component monoNo tonics No emissions or greenhouse gases Also: maximization of limited resources; molecular recycling � Materials by design Process control and property prediction across 18 orders of magnitude in length and time Also: modeling to design; structure and property process control at molecular level � Materials for energy generation, storage, and conservation Hydrogen, solar, photovoltaics Improved handling of materials for nuclear fuel-power cycle � Diagnostic tools for intelligent processing: instrumentation for real-time, atomic-level resolution, high- sensitivity, high-chemical- specificity, nondestructive analysis � Infrastructure issues education funding, interfaces within chemistry departments, communicating between disciplines � Also: large parallel synthetic matrix experiments Read the entire page →
From page 80... ... � Remediate existing environmental problems. � Find replacements for strategic materials. Read the entire page →
From page 81... ... Function (over all length scales) � Defects and impurities � High resolution 3-dimensional element-specific mapping Nondestructive, real time Noncrystalline, multiple length scales 3. Read the entire page →
From page 82... ... synthesis (3) dynamics: � Interconnections at all length scales Understanding and modeling transitions between nano- and microscales Nano- or micro fabrications in all dimensions Photonic materials Transition from electronics to photonics � Control matter at all scales Harness capabilities and power of nature Self-assembly and crystallization Understanding nonequilibrium steps and structures Understanding all steps in self-assembly Understanding protein folding � Materials that enable unlimited clean energy High-capacity reversible energy storage Alternative energy sources unlimited New recyclable and biodegradable materials � Restoration and enhancement of function of living materials Nanostructures and bioapplications Expression of human genome Restoration of lost organ function Human computer interface � What are the challenges for the next few decades? Read the entire page →
From page 83... ... What feedback exists between chemical industry and university research in the chemical sciences? What are the effects of university research on industrial competitiveness, maintaining a technical work force, and developing new industrial growth (e.g., in polymers, materials, or biotechnology) Read the entire page →
From page 84... ... Laypersons' better understanding of science and technology Improved quality of life Science education feeds a logically thinking workforce Feed the competitive engine Development of new areas of research, new fields Defense Yellow Group Infrastructure elements � Instrumentation maintenance funding, extent of utilization, staffing issues (considered service jobs) , poor support for "medium" size Buildings age of manufacturing plants, decaying infrastructure Academic department and tenure structure Legal system intellectual property limitations, intellectual property benefits � People right number, right skills, chores of professional staff, refocusing of chemistry undergrads from chemistry � R&D funding system Good and bad � People themselves Good: Industry is getting the people it needs; universities are sustaining Bad: Shortage of number of people in some areas Unnecessary and trivial responsibilities for professionals Read the entire page →
From page 85... ... Major user facilities (7) Graduate fellowship programs (6) Read the entire page →
From page 86... ... Major user facilities need to inform prospective users and make user friendly (1) Not enough support for centers (1) Read the entire page →

From page 63...

... was assigned the same set of questions as the basis for its discussions. The answers to these questions became the basis for the data generated in the breakout sessions.

Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups Pages 63-86

Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups
Pages 63-86