Air Quality Management in the United States (2004) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 375-402
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From page 375... ...
, 64, 110 21, 306309 Acid rain (SO2 and NOx) , reducing Air Pollution Control Act, 29 emissions of species that cause, 33 Air pollution science, 2428 Acid rain program, 110, 204, 214 enhancing monitoring, 17, 286287 NOx provisions, 187 factors influencing the pollutant mix in SO2 emissions trading, 196202 the atmosphere and the resultant targets for, 64 impacts of pollution, 25 Acid Rain Title of CAA Amendments, 97 national average emission categories for goals set by, 6465 CO, SO2, NOx, VOCs, PM10, and Acrolein, 365 PM2.5, 27 Acrylamide, 365 Air quality management (AQM)
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From page 376... ...
, for for needed research and development, prevention of significant 369371 deterioration (PSD) , 182 for strengthening scientific and technical Allyl chloride, 365 capacity to assess risk and track Ambient air quality, methods for progress, 1718, 284290 monitoring in ecosystems, 371 for transforming the SIP process, 1920, Ambient concentrations used to confirm 296304 emission trends, 217220 Air quality management plan (AQMP)
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From page 377... ...
, 224226 Assessing ecosystem benefits from improved surface O3 monitoring sites and air quality, 252261 ozonesonde sites in North America, Assessing health benefits from improved air 224 quality, 241252 Atmospheric Integrated Research assessments based on data from short- Monitoring Network (AIRMoN) , term air pollution events, 243 232, 257 assessments using risk functions and Attainment-demonstration SIPs, 92 exposure estimates, 243249 air-quality modeling, 103114 monitoring actual human exposure, emission-control strategy development in 249252 an attainment demonstration SIP, Assessing the economic benefits of air 115120 quality improvements, 261265 emission inventories, 97103 economic assessments, 263265 main components of, 96 pollution abatement cost and overemphasis on, 128130 expenditures (PACE)
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From page 378... ...
, 249 opportunity for, 201202 Cap-and-trade provisions BART. See Best available retrofit technology acid rain SO2 emissions trading Baselines of ecosystem condition, program, 196202 establishing, 372 early trading programs implemented in Behavioral and societal strategies to reduce the U.S., 197198 mobile-source emissions, 162167 for major stationary sources, 196210 controls on transportation infrastructure in proposed multipollutant legislation, 204 planning and investment, 164 savings from the SO2 emissions trading linking highway capacity expansion to program, 200 air quality through the National SO2 emissions from electric utilities in Environment Policy act, 164167 the United States, 199 regulation of motorists' vehicle use, Caprolactam, 55 162163 Captan, 365 Benzene, 55, 57, 145, 158, 307, 365 CARB.
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From page 379... ...
, 198 to air regulations, 205210 phasing out, 198 government on-site inspections of Chloroform, 365 stationary sources, 192 Chloromethyl methyl ether, 365 NOx emissions trading programs, 202 Chloroprene, 365 204 Chromium compounds, 367 off-normal emissions, 195196 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 65 Title V operating permit program, 190 Classification of nonattainment areas for O3 191 and CO, as mandated in the CAA Compliance monitoring of stationary Amendments of 1990, 92 sources, 192195 Clean Air Act of 1963 (CAA) , 3, 5, 715, continuous emissions monitoring, 194 19, 21, 29, 3233, 131, 133, 174, 195 216, 268, 316, 363364 economic and emissions performance of goals of, 4, 3233 the SO2 trading program, 199202
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From page 380... ...
, 85 emissions, 145 Continuous emissions monitoring (CEM) , emission standards for heavy-duty 97, 192, 194195, 201, 215, 217, vehicles, 142143 265 emission standards for light-duty availability of systems for, 97, 201 vehicles and light-duty trucks, 137 compliance assurance and, 210 142 Contribution of nonroad emissions to emission standards for nonroad engines, mobile-source total and to manmade 143145 total, 143 evolution of California and federal Contribution to the sulfate column burden tailpipe standards on passenger car at 00UT (vertical integral of the exhaust emissions, 138139 concentration)
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From page 381... ...
clean air status and trends network, Draft Report on the Environment, 17, 267, 231232 289 National Atmospheric Deposition Program and Mercury Deposition Network (NADP/MDN) , 230231 E National Atmospheric Deposition Program and National Trends ECO.
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From page 382... ...
, 197 (EGUs) , 189 Emission standards for HAPs, focusing on mercury, 189 for heavy-duty vehicles, 142143 Electricity generation by fuel, in billion for light-duty vehicles and light-duty kilowatt hours, 40 trucks, 137142 Emission allowances Emission standards for nonroad engines, fairness in allocating, 208 143145 opportunity for banking, 201202 contribution of nonroad emissions to Emission-control strategy development in an mobile-source total and to manmade attainment demonstration SIP, 115 total, 143 120
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From page 383... ...
, 107109 fairness in allocating emission Empirical rollback model, 104 allowances, 208 Employee commute options (ECO) , 163 implicit emission increases following Energy Policy and Conservation Act of transition to a trading program, 209 1975, 136 210 Enhancing the AQM system, 278282 regional SO2 emission from electric beyond one atmosphere to one utilities, 206 environment, accounting for cross- setting and revising the emissions cap, media pollution, 280 208209 dynamic AQM in a constantly changing spatial redistribution of emissions, 205 technological society, 281 207 emphasizing performance rather than the Evaluation of traditional control programs process, 282 for major stationary sources, 188 one atmosphere approach for assessing 190 and controlling air pollutants, 278 electric steam-generating units regulation 279 for HAPs, focusing on mercury, 189 principles for, 278282 Executive Orders, 51 risk determined by actual exposure, No.
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From page 384... ...
, 5657, 67, 214 ecosystem effects from exposure to air Gila River Indian Community, 89 pollution in, 254257 Globalization, of trade, 281 forest soils, 254256 Glycol ethers, 367 forest vegetation, 256257 Goals for mitigating visibility degradation, Forest survey plots on public lands, 59 releasing exact locations of, 373 Goals of the Clean Air Act, 4, 3233 Formaldehyde, 145, 366 curbing the use of chemicals having the Four-chamber greenhouse-based exposure potential to deplete the stratospheric system, constructed to study effects O3 layer, 33 of elevated CO2 on plants, 73 limiting the sources of and risks from Free air CO2 experiment (FACE) , 7475, exposure to HAPs (air toxics)
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From page 385... ...
, 5558, Environment Policy Act, the 227228, 365367 conformity regulations, 165167 assessments, 248249 Historical sequence of the periodic NAAQS current standard-setting procedure for reviews, and final decisions carried HAPs, 5558 out by EPA since the passage of the developing a system to set priorities for, 1970 CAA Amendments, 52 20 Hot-spot concentrations of HAPs, 263 emission reductions, efforts to track the greater consideration of, 298 effects of, 246248 need to address health risk associated identifying new, 308 with exposure in, 8385 limiting the sources of and risks from HOV. See High-occupancy vehicle exposure to air toxics, 32 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 75 potential classification scheme for, 307 Human and technical resources, investing static list of, 7879 in, 18, 290 HCl.
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From page 386... ...
used for Implementation of emission controls on various primary daily driving ranges, stationary sources, 174216 154 area-source regulations, 212214 remote sensing of in-use vehicle cap-and-trade provisions for major emissions, 150 stationary sources, 196210 timeline of significant federal and state compliance assurance for traditional regulations for motor vehicle fuels, control programs, 190196 156 design versus performance versus cap Incident total solar radiation, adding to and trade, 176177 National Weather Service evaluation of traditional control meteorological data, 373 programs for major stationary Indoor environments, need to address health sources, 188190 risk associated with exposure in, 83 85
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From page 387... ...
Institute for Tribal Environmental compounds of, 367 Professionals (ITEP) , 90 emissions of, estimated U.S., by major Institutional framework source category, 251 for accountability in the SIP process, getting it out of gasoline, intended and 124126 unintended consequences of, 155 for monitoring exposure and ecosystem phasing-out, 197198 response, 371372 Lessons learned about air quality models, Integrated ecosystem studies, 259260 112114 Integrated multipollutant plan, 298 delays in incorporating new scientific Integrated program for criteria pollutants insights from models into policy and hazardous air pollutants, design, 112113 recommendations for developing, dynamic partnership between technical 2021, 304311 and regulatory communities, 112 Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual need for regulators to apply model Environments (IMPROVE)
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From page 388... ...
benefits of AQM, 216267 Mobile-source emission-control programs, assessing ecosystem benefits from 167172 improved air quality, 252261 conformity, 170172 assessing the economic benefits of air controls on motorists' behaviors, 170 quality improvements, 261265 high-emitting gasoline vehicles, 167169 limitations of techniques for tracking promotion of new technologies using progress in AQM, 266267 vehicle emission standards, 167168 monitoring air quality, 220241 reducing emissions from older and monitoring pollutant emissions, 216 nonroad diesel engines, 169 220 regulating the content of gasoline and State of the Environment report as diesel fuels, 169170 indicating a new paradigm emerging Mobile-source emission inventories, 101103 at the EPA, 267
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From page 389... ...
, 249 estimated U.S. lead emissions by major Multipollutant models source category, 251 approaches that target the most Monitoring air quality, 220241 significant risks, investing in research air quality measurement techniques, to facilitate, 18, 290 235236 chronic effects on ecosystems, 369370 air quality monitoring discussion, 232 emergence of, 114 241 and multiscale CTMs, 110111 air quality trend analysis techniques, in the NAAQS review, and the standard 236237 setting process, 21, 310 atmospheric composition monitoring Multistate airshed pollution, barriers to networks, 220228 addressing, 131 data availability, 237240 Multistate regional measures, 120124 deposition monitoring networks, 228 EPA's regional haze rule, 122123 232 Grand Canyon Visibility Transport deposition monitoring networks rated Commission and the Western Research Monitoring Network Regional Air Partnership, 123124 (AIRMoN)
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From page 390... ...
, 6465, 110 Congress role in shaping the acid rain provisions and foliar injury to cotton induced by of the CAA Amendments of 1990, 64 chronic exposure to ozone, 54 National air monitoring stations (NAMS) , to help attain NAAQS, 5354 93, 221 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
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From page 391... ...
See National Tribal Environmental stationary sources, 203204 Council national average emission categories for, NTN. See National Trends Network 27 NWS.
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From page 392... ...
See Photochemical assessment One atmosphere approach, for assessing monitoring stations and controlling air pollutants, 278 Parametric emissions monitoring (PEM) , 279 192194 Open-market Parathion, 366 and other forms of trading, 210212 Particulate matter (PM)
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From page 393... ...
or less support local, state, and tribal PM23 emissions, for medium- and heavy efforts, recommendations for duty trucks, by vehicle model years, expanding national and multistate, 152 1819, 291296 PM25 supersites, locations of initial, 228 Periodic source testing, 193 Policy design, delays in incorporating new Permits and standards for new or modified scientific insights from models into, major stationary sources, 177186 112113 background, 178179 Political influence, and the cost of fuel, 163 NSR and PSD requirements, 179185 Pollutants reforming NSR, 185186 instituting a dynamic review of voluntary programs to improve, 212 classifications of, 20, 309 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) , 81, trend analysis in O3, 238 252, 280 Pollution Abatement Cost and Expenditures Personal exposure monitor, measuring survey (PACE)
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From page 394... ...
, 94, 116, 129, 174, 186, addressing multistate transport 203 problems, 19, 295296 Receptor models, 104105 emphasizing technology-neutral RECLAIM. See Regional Clean Air standards for emission control, 18, Management Program 293294 Recommendations for developing an expanding federal emission-control integrated program for criteria measures, 18, 292293 pollutants and hazardous air findings, 291292 pollutants, 2021, 304311 proposed actions, 292296 addressing multiple pollutants in the reducing emissions from existing NAAQS review and standard-setting facilities and vehicles, 19, 294295 process, 21, 310 using market-based approaches developing a system to set priorities for whenever practical and effective, 18 hazardous air pollutants, 20 19, 294
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From page 395... ...
, 202203, 206207, chronic effects of multiple air pollutants 210 on ecosystems, 369370 Regional haze rule, 122 methods for monitoring ambient air Regional planning organizations (RPOs) , quality in ecosystems, 371 120 process-based models of ecosystem Regulation response to pollutants for regional conformity, 165167 assessments, 370 of the content of gasoline and diesel risk assessment research, 371 fuels, 153162, 169170 tools for assessing impacts of pollutants of motorists' vehicle use, 162163 on biological species, populations, Regulators, applying model results and ecosystems, 370371 appropriately, 112 Recommendations for strengthening Regulatory oversight, identifying chemicals scientific and technical capacity to for, 308309 assess risk and track progress, 1718, Reid vapor pressure (the vapor pressure of a 284290 petroleum product at 100°F)
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From page 396... ...
standards to protect ecosystems, 80 Safety factors, 55 need to address health risk associated Sanctions clock, 125 with exposure in hot spots and Savings from the SO2 emissions trading indoor environments, 8385 program, 200 risk assessment and priority setting, 84 SCAQMD. See South Coast Air Quality 86 Management District sources of human exposure to indoor Science, role of, 3537 PM pollution, 84 designing, testing, and implementing static list of HAPs, 7879 technologies and systems for studies of air pollution effects on efficiently preventing or reducing air ecosystems, 7276 pollutant emissions, 36 SCR.
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From page 397... ...
, 133, 173 limitations of the SIP process, 132 STAGs. See State and tribal assistance main components of an attainment grants demonstration SIP, 96 Standard-setting process, 4758 the main components of an attainment criteria pollutants, 4748, 304 demonstration SIP, 96126 hazardous air pollutants, 5558 nonattainment, 91 historical sequence of the periodic overview of SIP process, 8896 NAAQS reviews and final decisions recommendations for transforming, 19 carried out by EPA since the passage 20, 296304 of the 1970 CAA Amendments, 52 strengths of the SIP process, 131132 national emission standards mandated tribes and the Clean Air Act, 8991 by Congress to help attain NAAQS, unclassifiables, 92 5354
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From page 398... ...
See Transportation control plan at the EPA, 267 TEA-21. See Transportation Equity Act for State of the Nation's Ecosystems, The, 261 the 21st Century Stationary-source programs, trading and Technological innovation voluntary, 210212 and emission controls, 140 Stationary sources, implementing emission versus social or behavioral measures, controls on, 174216 116 Stratospheric O3 layer Technologies and systems for efficiently curbing the use of chemicals having the preventing or reducing air pollutant potential to deplete the, 33 emissions, designing, testing, and protecting, 363 implementing, 36 Strengths Technology-based standards imposed on of goal-setting procedures, 86 major facilities, 186188 of the SIP process, 131132 acid rain NOx provisions, 187 of stationary-source control programs, maximum achievable control 214 technology, 187188 of techniques for tracking progress in reasonably available control technology, AQM, 265266 186 Studies of air pollution effects on Technology-neutral standards for emission ecosystems, 7276 control, emphasizing, 18, 293294 four-chamber greenhouse-based Temporally integrated monitoring of exposure system constructed to study ecosystems (TIME)
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From page 399... ...
See Toxics release inventory chlorofluorocarbon phase-out, 198 Tribal implementation plan (TIP) , 8889 emission-reduction credit programs, 197 Tribes and the Clean Air Act, SIP processes lead phase-out, 197198 in, 8991 Traditional control programs 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, 367 compliance assurance for, 190196 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, 367 for major stationary sources, evaluating, Trichloroethylene, 367 188190 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol, 367 Transformation of the nation's AQM 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, 367 system to meet the challenges of the Triethylamine, 367 coming decades, 268315 Trifluralin, 367 adapting the AQM system to climate 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, 367 change, 277278 Truck emissions, inspection and addressing multistate, cross-border, and maintenance programs, 148150 intercontinental transport, 275278 TSP.
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From page 400... ...
, 81 forest, 256257 Urban air toxics, counties at high cancer Vehicle emission standards risk from, 41 promotion of new technologies using, Urban airshed model (UAM) , 107108, 110 167168 Urban heat islands, 302 test using a dynamometer lasting for 240 U.S.
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From page 401... ...
See Western Regional Air Partnership Z X Zero-emission vehicle (ZEV)
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