Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research (2003) / Chapter Skim
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7 Perinatal Studies
7 Perinatal Studies
Pages 102-108
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From page 102... ...
DEVELOPMENT OF PAIN PERCEPTION The development of neural systems essential for pain perception has been studied most extensively in the rat, as has the early development of pain-related behaviors. Although there is no definitive evidence that prenatal animals can perceive pain, reflexive behavior in fetal animals sometimes correlates with behavior exhibited by adult animals in response to pain stimuli.
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From page 103... ...
Little information is available regarding neonatal precocious mammal responses to analgesics during postnatal development; however, most neonatal animals develop physiologic responses that are consistent with adult responses by the age of 6-8 weeks. In addition, many physiologic differences between neonatal and adult animals such as the neonate's greater perme
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From page 104... ...
Electrocardiographic monitoring can be used to easily monitor heart rhythm and electrical activity in fetuses of larger mammals, though bradycardia is a poor indicator of fetal distress. Pulse oximetry is noninvasive and effective for fetal lambs.
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From page 105... ...
Most of the anesthetic agents used in juvenile and adult animals are safe and effective in larger neonatal mammals (Grandy and Dunlop, 1991; Thurmon et al., 1996~. The choice of anesthetic agent used may depend on species, type and duration of procedure, and availability of specialized equipment needed (such as a gas anesthesia machine with a precision vaporizer)
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From page 106... ...
Other methods that may work include masking olfactory cues by sprinkling baby powder on mother, pups, and bedding and smearing the pups and the mother's nose with an aromatic agent, such as Vicks Vapo Rub@. The following method is cumbersome, but it can greatly improve the rate of successful reunion of mouse pups with their mothers and might be considered when maternal neglect of pups is substantially inhibiting progress of a study:
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From page 107... ...
REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS IN FETAL SURGERY Many experimental fetal surgical procedures in higher mammals require special procedures or conditions, such as a second surgery for the injection of tracers or producing a lesion, or specialized equipment and facilities. Exposure of a fetus in utero constitutes a major operative procedure as defined by the AWRs and the Guide.
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From page 108... ...
However, the physiology of the perinatal animal renders some of the euthanasia methods used for adult animals inadequate and therefore inadvisable for perinatal animals (NRC, 1996~. In rodent fetuses that are less than E14, the lack of neural development prevents signs of fetal response to noxious stimuli, so euthanasia of the dam or removal of the fetus from the dam will result in the painless death of the fetus without a requirement for additional measures (NIH, 1997~.
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